篇一：体育场馆英文翻译标准
附件：
公共场所标志英文译写规范（体育部分）
1、范围
本部分规定了体育场所标志英文译写的要求和方法。 本部分适用于体育场所各类设施及功能、警示和提示等信息的英文译写。
2、规范性引用文件
下列文件中的条款通过本部分的引用而成为本部分的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修订版均不适用于本部分，然而，鼓励根据本部分达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本部分。
DB32/T 1446.1-2009 公共场所标志英文译写规范 第1部分：通则
3、译写要求和方法 3.1设施及功能信息
3.1.1设施及功能信息的英文译写应遵从DB32/T 1446.1-2009中5.1的规定。
3.1.2设施名称涉及专业词汇按国际通用表示方法翻译。 3.1.3体育场所设施中的各种“馆”根据其功能翻译，如：体育馆译作Gymnasium；游泳馆译为Natatorium。
3.1.4体育场所设施中的各种“场”根据其功能翻译，如：
体育场译作Stadium；篮球场译为Basketball Court；足球场译作Football Field；滑冰场、溜冰场译为Skating Rink。
3.2 警示和提示信息
警示和提示信息的英文译写应遵从DB32/T 1446.1-2009中5.2的规定。
3.3词语选用、拼写方法及书写要求
3.3.1英文词语选用和拼写方法、单复数、缩写用法按照DB32/T 1446.1-2009中5.3和5.4的规定执行。
3.3.2英文大小写、标点符号、换行的用法，按照DB32/T 1446.1-2009中第6章的规定执行。
3.4译法示例
设施及功能、警示和提示等信息的英文译写示例见附录。
体育场所设施及功能、警示和
提示等信息的译写示例
篇二：单片机5000字中英文对照翻译
1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments
SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion
flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).
1.在智能仪器仪表上的应用
单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等
优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备（功率计，示波器，各种分析仪）。
2. In the industrial control application
With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition
system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control
2.在工业控制中的应用
用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的
智能化控制
3. In Household Appliances
Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric
rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.
3.在家用电器中的应用
可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣
机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，
无所不在。
4. In the field of computer networks and communications applications
MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the
computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen
everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc..
4.在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用
现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为
在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。
5. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications
SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical
respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system.
5.单片机在医用设备领域中的应用
单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监
护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。
6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications
Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a
variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card).
In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace.
6.在各种大型电器中的模块化应用
某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能，从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用，而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。如音乐集成单片机，看似简单的功能，微缩在纯电子芯片中（有别于磁带机的原理），就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。如：音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中（类似于ROM），由微控制器读出，转化为模拟音乐电信号（类似于声卡）。
在大型电路中，这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积，简化了电路，降低了损坏、错误率，也方便于更换。
7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment
SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc..
In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.
Application of six important part of learning
7.单片机在汽车设备领域中的应用
单片机在汽车电子中的应用非常广泛，例如汽车中的发动机控制器，基于CAN总线的汽车发动机智能电子控制器，GPS导航系统，abs防抱死系统，制动系统等等。
此外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。
MCU learning an important part of the six applications
单片机学习应用的六大重要部分
1, Bus:
We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a problem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between
the , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor and devices in the connection between the individual, the number of lines will be a little more surprising, therefore the introduction of the microprocessor bus Chong Each device Gong tong access connections, all devices 8 Shuju line all received eight public online, that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel, but only this does not work, if there are two devices send data at the same time, a 0, a 1, then, whether the receiver received what is it? This situation is not allowed, so to be controlled by controlling the line, time-sharing the device to work at any time only one device to send data (which can have multiple devices to receive both). Device's data connection is known as the data bus, the device is called line of control all the control bus. Internal or external memory in the microcontroller and other devices have memory cells, the memory cell to be assigned addresses, you can use, distribution, of course, to address given in the form of electrical signals, and as more memory cells, so, for the address allocation The line is also more of these lines is called the address bus.
一、总线：
我们知道，一个电路总是由元器件通过电线连接而成的，在模拟电路中，连线并不成为一个问题，因为各器件间一般是串行关系，各器件之间的连线并不很多，但计算机电路却不一样，它是以微处理器为核心，各器件都要与微处理器相连，各器件之间的工作必须相互协调，所以需要的连线就很多了，如果仍如同模拟电路一样，在各微处理器和各器件间单独连线，则线的数量将多得惊人，所以在微处理机中引入了总线的概念，各个器件共同享用连线，所有器件的8根数据线全部接到8根公用的线上，即相当于各个器件并联起来，但仅这样还不行，如果有两个器件同时送出数据，一个为0，一个为1，那么，接收方接收到的究竟是什么呢？这种情况是不允许的，所以要通过控制线进行控制，使器件分时工作，任何时候只能有一个器件发送数据（可以有多个器件同时接收）。器件的数据线也就被称为数据总线，器件所有的控制线被称为控制总线。在单片机内部或者外
部存储器及其它器件中有存储单元，这些存储单元要被分配地址，才能使用，分配地址当然也是以电信号的形式给出的，由于存储单元比较多，所以，用于地址分配的线也较多，这些线被称为地址总线。
2, data, address, command:
The reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same - the number, or are a string of '0 'and '1' form the sequence. In other words, addresses, instructions are also data. Instruction: from single chip designer provides a number of commonly used instructions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer cannot be changed by the MCU. Address: the search for MCU internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the address of the internal unit value provided by the chip designer is good, cannot be changed, the external unit can be single chip developers to decide, but there are a number of address units is a must (see procedures for the implementation of the process).
二、数据、地址、指令：
之所以将这三者放在一起，是因为这三者的本质都是一样的——数字，或者说都是一串‘0’和‘1’组成的序列。换言之，地址、指令也都是数据。指令：由单片机芯片的设计者规定的一种数字，它与我们常用的指令助记符有着严格的一一对应关系，不可以由单片机的开发者更改。地址：是寻找单片机内部、外部的存储单元、输入输出口的依据，内部单元的地址值已由芯片设计者规定好，不可更改，外部的单元可以由单片机开发者自行决定，但有一些地址单元是一定要有的（详见程序的执行过程）。
3, P0 port, P2 and P3 of the second function I use:
Beginners often on the P0 port, P2 and P3 port I use the second function puzzled that the second function and have a switch between the original function of the process, or have a directive, in fact, the port the second feature is automatic, do not need instructions to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7 respectively WR, RD signal, when the microchip processing machines external RAM or external I/O port, they are used as a second function, not as a general-purpose I/O port used, so long as a microprocessor implementation of the MOVX instruction, there will be a
篇三：论文用5000字中英文翻译
MCU Description
SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTEL's Z80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.
Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now are still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performances have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90's dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars; the most high-end model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.
SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances,
electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings
Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice. SCM and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is primarily as a control section of the core components
It is an online real-time control computer, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.
Single chip
MCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50's with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60's CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70's with a series of successful SCM market, the
result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!
As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PC's hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.
Can be said that the twentieth century across the three "power" era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical "stomach" in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - "intelligent," such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller
or other programmable logic device.
SCM history
SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages.
First model
1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Innovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.
2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation.
Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.
Embedded Systems
Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SoC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.
MCU applications
SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers.
SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:
1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments
SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).
2. In the industrial control application
With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control
3. In Household Appliances
Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.
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