5000字外文翻译

篇一：5000字英文文献翻译

沈阳建筑大学

毕业论文

外文及翻译

原文题目

学院专业班级 信息与控制工程学院 计算机08-1

学生姓名 XXX 性别 X

指导教师 XXX 职称 XX

年 月

日

外文及翻译

英语原文 Android Application Fundamentals

Android applications are written in the Java programming language. The Android SDK tools compile the code—along with any data and resource files—into an Android package, an archive file with an .apk suffix. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application and is the file that Android-powered devices use to install the application.

Once installed on a device, each Android application lives in its own security sandbox: ? The Android operating system is a multi-user Linux system in which each

application is a different user. ? By default, the system assigns each application a unique Linux user ID (the ID is

used only by the system and is unknown to the application). The system sets

permissions for all the files in an application so that only the user ID assigned to that

application can access them.

? Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so an application's code runs in

isolation from other applications.

? By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the

process when any of the application's components need to be executed, then shuts

down the process when it's no longer needed or when the system must recover

memory for other applications.

In this way, the Android system implements the principle of least privilege. That is, each application, by default, has access only to the components that it requires to do its work and no more. This creates a very secure environment in which an application cannot access parts of the system for which it is not given permission.

However, there are ways for an application to share data with other applications and for an application to access system services:

? It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same Linux user ID, in which

case they are able to access each other's files. To conserve system resources,

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applications with the same user ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process

and share the same VM (the applications must also be signed with the same

certificate).

? An application can request permission to access device data such as the user's

contacts, SMS messages, the mountable storage (SD card), camera, Bluetooth, and

more. All application permissions must be granted by the user at install time.

That covers the basics regarding how an Android application exists within the system. The rest of this document introduces you to: ? The core framework components that define your application.

? The manifest file in which you declare components and required device features for

your application.

? Resources that are separate from the application code and allow your application to

gracefully optimize its behavior for a variety of device configurations.

Application Components

Application components are the essential building blocks of an Android application. Each component is a different point through which the system can enter your application. Not all components are actual entry points for the user and some depend on each other, but each one exists as its own entity and plays a specific role—each one is a unique building block that helps define your application's overall behavior.

There are four different types of application components. Each type serves a distinct purpose and has a distinct lifecycle that defines how the component is created and destroyed.

Here are the four types of application components:

Activities

An activity represents a single screen with a user interface. For example, an email application might have one activity that shows a list of new emails, another activity to compose an email, and another activity for reading emails. Although the activities work together to form a cohesive user experience in the email application, each one is independent of the others. As such, a different application can start any one of these activities (if the email application allows it). For example, a camera application can start the activity in the email application that composes new mail, in order for the user

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to share a picture.

An activity is implemented as a subclass of Activity and you can learn more about it in the Activities developer guide.

Services

A service is a component that runs in the background to perform long-running operations or to perform work for remote processes. A service does not provide a user interface. For example, a service might play music in the background while the user is in a different application, or it might fetch data over the network without blocking user interaction with an activity. Another component, such as an activity, can start the service and let it run or bind to it in order to interact with it.

A service is implemented as a subclass of Service and you can learn more about it in the Services developer guide. Content providers

A content provider manages a shared set of application data. You can store the data in the file system, an SQLite database, on the web, or any other persistent storage location your application can access. Through the content provider, other applications can query or even modify the data (if the content provider allows it). For example, the Android system provides a content provider that manages the user's contact information. As such, any application with the proper permissions can query part of the content provider (such as ContactsContract.Data) to read and write information about a particular person.

Content providers are also useful for reading and writing data that is private to your application and not shared. For example, the Note Pad sample application uses a content provider to save notes.

A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider and must implement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform transactions. For more information, see the Content Providers developer guide.

Broadcast receivers

A broadcast receiver is a component that responds to system-wide broadcast

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announcements. Many broadcasts originate from the system—for example, a broadcast announcing that the screen has turned off, the battery is low, or a picture was captured. Applications can also initiate broadcasts—for example, to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use. Although broadcast receivers don't display a user interface, they may create a status bar notification to alert the user when a broadcast event occurs. More commonly, though, a broadcast receiver is just a "gateway" to other components and is intended to do a very minimal amount of work. For instance, it might initiate a service to perform some work based on the event.

A broadcast receiver is implemented as a subclass of BroadcastReceiver and each broadcast is delivered as an Intent object. For more information, see theBroadcastReceiver class.

A unique aspect of the Android system design is that any application can start another application’s component. For example, if you want the user to capture a photo with the device camera, there's probably another application that does that and your application can use it, instead of developing an activity to capture a photo yourself. You don't need to incorporate or even link to the code from the camera application. Instead, you can simply start the activity in the camera application that captures a photo. When complete, the photo is even returned to your application so you can use it. To the user, it seems as if the camera is actually a part of your application.

When the system starts a component, it starts the process for that application (if it's not already running) and instantiates the classes needed for the component. For example, if your application starts the activity in the camera application that captures a photo, that activity runs in the process that belongs to the camera application, not in your application's process.

Therefore, unlike applications on most other systems, Android applications don't have a single entry point (there's no main() function, for example).

Because the system runs each application in a separate process with file permissions that restrict access to other applications, your application cannot directly activate a component from another application. The Android system, however, can. So, to activate a component in another application, you must deliver a message to the system that specifies your intent to start a particular component. The system then activates the component for you.

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篇二：论文用5000字中英文翻译

MCU Description

SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTEL's Z80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.

Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now are still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performances have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90's dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars; the most high-end model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.

SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances,

electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings

Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice. SCM and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is primarily as a control section of the core components

It is an online real-time control computer, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.

Single chip

MCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50's with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60's CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70's with a series of successful SCM market, the

result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!

As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PC's hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.

Can be said that the twentieth century across the three "power" era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical "stomach" in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - "intelligent," such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller

or other programmable logic device.

SCM history

SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages.

First model

1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Innovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.

2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation.

Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.

Embedded Systems

Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SoC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.

MCU applications

SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers.

SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:

1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments

SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).

2. In the industrial control application

With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control

3. In Household Appliances

Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.

篇三：5000字外文翻译

附录

外文文献原文

1.Introduction

Marketing continues to be a mystery to those who create it and to those who sponsor it. Often, the ad that generates record-breaking volume for a retail store one month is repeated the following month and bombs. A campaign designed by the best Madison Avenue ad agency may elicit mediocre response. The same item sells like hotcakes after a 30-word classified ad, with abominable grammar, appears on page 35 of an all-advertising shopper tossed on the front stoops of homes during a rainstorm! The mystery eludes solution but demands attention. The success of an enterprise and development of enterprises depends to a large extent on whether or not they have advanced, meet the needs of the enterprise marketing strategy. For Marketing is the definition, The well-known American scholar Philips marketing of the core marketing concept of the following description : "Marketing is individuals or groups to create, provide and exchange with other valuable products, to satisfy their own needs and desires of a social activities and management process. " In the core concept contains a number of elements: needs, desires and needs; Products or provide; Value and

satisfaction; exchange and transactions; and networking; market; Marketing and sales were a series of concept.

This article is devoted to the idea that your marketing results can be improved through a better Understanding of your customers. This approach usually is referred to as the marketing concept.

Putting the customer first is probably the most popular phrase used by firms ranging from giant conglomerates to the corner barber shop, but the slogan zing is often just lip service. The business continues to operate under the classic approach -- "Come buy this great product if you dedicate your activities exclusively to solving your customer's problems. The quality of services, and enterprises to cultivate customers satisfaction and loyalty, and can create enterprise value.

Any marketing program has a better chance of being productive if it is timed,

designed and written to solve a problem for potential customers and is carried out in a way that the customer understands and trusts. The pages that follow will present the marketing concept of putting the customer first. Marketing is a very complex subject; it deals with all the steps between determining customer needs and supplying them at a profit. In addition to some introductory material on marketing, this publication includes practical material on the marketing approaches to budgeting, layout design, and headline writing, copywriting and media analysis. So that a clear understanding of enterprise marketing strategy to improve the operations of enterprises.

2.The marketing concept

Market positioning is identifying the target market, enterprises will adopt what marketing methods, which provide products and services the target market and competitors to show distinction, thereby establishing corporate image and obtain favorable competitive position. Market positioning is a process of enterprise

differentiation process, how to find the differences, identify differences and show differences. Today too many similar products, consumers how to choose Consumers buy what is the justification.On the effective positioning for a solution.

Positioning is the first to propose in the advertising industry, advertising

emphasized in the eyes of the public who left the location, And people often prefer preconceptions; If enterprises can target your customers mind to establish a definite position, to the consumer a reason to buy, enterprises can often compete in an advantageous position.

Marketing is an economy built on science, behavioral science and modern

management theory on the basis of applied sciences. It enterprise marketing activities and to study law,with full, comprehensive, practical features. As a modern enterprise "businesses" Marketing system introduced in the market economy under the conditions of the enterprises should have a sense of the market, business sense, Marketing strategies and methods. With China's economy growing prosperity, the market competition is becoming increasingly fierce; enterprises need Modern Marketing Theory as the guide. In the initial stage, a number of enterprises have marketing only as a help to product sales growth strategy and means If so far, many Chinese enterprises remain with the Department of Marketing with sales of two and one; When people realize that to meet the needs of the customer-oriented marketing concept should become an enterprise operating philosophy, and the enterprise's overall business activities have an impact, there will be a marketing position

inappropriately increase the tendency For many people believe that marketing should be the decision-making levels of guiding ideology, rather than the level of

implementation work. Marketing of the enterprise understanding of the position is not correct, will be marketing in the enterprise application will be affected. Marketing work is to open up markets, capture the market and expand the market work, enterprise development, and production activities should open up the market for

services, a market that is the basis of the final services in the market. Marketing work is based on enterprise customers as the starting point for the reproduction process, and ensures the customer as the focus of the process of reproduction.

That customer demand-oriented, according to the actual needs of customers

developing marketable products, and targeted marketing of the market, and its sales to meet the needs of customers. With enterprises to become the main players in the

market, corporate marketing work more salient position, business leaders must attach great importance to it.

Unfortunately, there is still a misunderstanding about the word marketing. Many people, including top executives, use it as a sophisticated term for selling. Marketing representative is commonly used in ads to recruit salespeople. Actually, marketing is a way of managing a business so that each critical business decision is made with full knowledge of the impact it will have on the customer.

Here are some specific ways in which the marketing approach differs from the classic, or sales, approach to managing a business.

①In the classic approach, engineers who develop the product and finally to engineers who produce it. Thus, the sales approach only ends with the customer, while the marketing approach begins and ends with the customer.

②The second major difference between the sales and marketing approaches is the focus of management. The sales approach almost always focuses on volume while the marketing approach focuses on profit. In short, under the classic (sales) approach the customer exists for the business, while under the marketing approach the business exists for the customer.

The marketing concept is a management plan that views all marketing components as part of a total system that requires effective planning, organization, leadership and control. It is based on the importance of customers to a firm, and states。

- All company policies and activities should be aimed at satisfying customer needs.

3.The marketing plan

The marketing plan is a problem-solving document. Skilled problem solvers recognize that a big problem is usually the combination of several smaller problems. The best approach is to solve each of the smaller problems first, thereby dividing the big problem into manageable pieces. Your marketing plan should take the same approach. It should be a guide on which to base decisions and should ensure that everyone in your organization is working together to achieve the same goals. A good marketing plan can prevent your organization from reacting to problems in a piecemeal manner and even help in anticipating problems.

Before your marketing plan can be developed, research must give you the basic guidelines: for whom you are designing your product or service (market

segmentation), and exactly what that product or service should mean to those in the marketplace (market positioning). Below are some guidelines to help you develop a marketing plan to support the strategy you have selected for your organization.This is the study of the distribution, density and vital statistics of a population, and includes such characteristics as

- Sex.

- Age.

- Education.

- Geographic location.

- Home ownership versus rental.

- Marital status.

- Size of family unit.

- Total income of family unit.

- Ethnic or religious background.

- Job classification -- blue collar versus salaried or professional.

PsychographicsThis is the study of how the human characteristics of consumers may have a bearing on their response to products, packaging, advertising and public relations efforts. Behavior may be measured as it involves an interplay among these broad sets of variables:

- Predisposition -- What is there about a person's past culture, heredity or upbringing that may influence his or her ability to consider purchasing one new product or service versus another?

- Influences -- What are the roles of social forces such as education, peer pressure or group acceptance in dictating a person's consumption patterns?

- Product Attributes -- What the product is or can be made to represent in the minds of consumers has a significant bearing on whether certain segments will accept the concept. These attributes may be suggested by the marketer or perceived by the customer.

Life-Style

Statements consumers make about themselves through conspicuous consumption can be put to good use by research people who read the signals correctly. By studying behavioral variables, such as a person's use of time, services and products, researchers can identify some common factors that can predict future behavior.

4.Market research

To use the marketing concept effectively in a growing business, you should ? Analyze your firm's competitive advantage. What do you do best?

? Identify specific markets you now serve.

? Determine the wants and needs of your present customers.

? Determine what you are now doing to satisfy those wants and needs.

? Prepare a marketing plan that allows you to reach out to new customers or to sell more to

your present customers.

? Test the results to see if your new strategies are yielding the desired results.

Market research must be used in each of these six steps to help define your business for your customer's interests, not your own. It is the process of learning what

customers want or need and determining how to satisfy those wants or needs. It is also used to confirm whether the customer reacted to a marketing program as expected. The benefits of market research include

? Learning who your customers are and what they want.

? Learning how to reach your customers and how frequently you should try to communicate with them.

? Learning which advertising appeals are most effective and which ones get no response.

? Learning the relative success of that, properly done, market research is quite

expensive, takes time and requires professional expertise. Acquiring all the necessary data to reduce the risk to your venture may cost so much and take so long that you may go out of business. The answer is to find a quick and inexpensive way of getting enough data to help you make the right decision most of the time. Some obvious pitfalls are

? Using a sample that does not represent the total market.

? Asking the wrong questions.

? Not listening to the responses.

? Building in biases or predispositions that distort the reliability of information.

? Letting arrogance or hostility cut off communication at some point in the marketing process.

If you have a limited budget, develop the skills to hear what your customers and potential customers are telling you. Some techniques worthy of consideration are ? Advisory board -- Occasionally convene a group of local people, whose opinions you respect, to act as a sounding board for new ideas. Choose your group with

extreme care; one or two negative thinkers can distort the thought process of the entire group.

? User group -- Gather customers together to discuss new ideas. Their opinions can help you keep your business on track. Pick a neutral setting where the people will talk. Be sure to reward the participants and share the credit for good ideas.

? Informal survey -- If you seek feedback from customers by simply asking how was everything? You can be seriously misled. Most people, even those with legitimate complaints, are reluctant to speak out because they are afraid of appearing foolish.

外文文献翻译

1.简介

对于企业的创造者和提案者而言，营销策略是一个迷。它能够使企业起死回生，也能够使企业从天堂掉进地狱。一个企业能否成功和发展，在很大程度上取

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