篇一：4000字英文稿
Ecological Civilization from the perspective of the System Science
Li de-yang
From the perspective of the System Science, the article attempts to make some interpretation for the science basis of ecological civilization, philosophy meaning , track of the construction.
Ⅰ.Systems science provides a scientific basis for ecological
civilization
Because of the fear of death, life for humans is a very sensitive issue, from ancient times to now ,decrypting the phenomenon of life is an everlasting human impulse. Survival of life issue is always the concern of philosophy and science.
In the ancient Greek physics and philosophy, non-life and life were judged by the object requiring the original power to move or having self-movement ability. Since then, the phenomenon of life is explored along the two directions.
The first direction is to make the original movement object to move, depending on the external force,divinity teleology emerged ,then made the phenomenon of life to subsidence in the religious cult.
The second direction is to pursuit the power by self- movement. Because knowledge of the energy and information is very poor, explaining the world is only depended on the mechanical structure, so accompanying the mechanism ,Germination of modern science emerged.
Real life science was birth in the middle of the 20th century after the
emergence of the system science. In 1859 ,《Origin of Species》published by Darwin (Charles Robert Darwin) astounded the academic community at that time, in this book, Darwin submitted that life evolve from simple to complex, from low grade to high grade, and constantly survive and reproduce depending on natural selection and the struggle of heredity、variation、 existence. He criticized the theology,presented theory of biological evolution and opened up a new era of biology according to self-life the internal mechanism. But because it is still a macro change on the whole concept, has not the chain of meticulous evolution,so it can not be regarded as the strictly science.
Since the 20th century, 50 years, systems science、technology generation
and application in biology have brought vitality for the life sciences. DNA decryption reveals the mystery of biological heredity. DNA double helix model perfectly illustrates the main features of the genetic material, biochemical
and structure, it is an epoch-making event in the history of biology. DNA is the Earth only macromolecular system that can self-duplicate and can self-conserve,genetic information, it’s transcription、translation and transmission make the life process being a continuous process , the life just is becoming the life in this process. Life Sciences have a significance for modern science, since the 20th century ,ecology development indicates that the life evolution is a coevolution through macro-evolution with micro-evolution . It eliminates "life elements" hypothesis and dissolves the gap between life and non-life.
Basing on the natural history,Ecology is an ancient science, only when the view of ecosystem is inducted into the definition of Ecology,the relationship between biology and environmen is summarized as the material flow、energy exchange and information transmission, Ecology can enter the ranks of modern ecology , can find a real scientific basis. obviously,these basic concepts and methods are provided by systems science.
The relationship between biological phenomena and the environment will inevitably move toward systems and environmental research, the environment is the fundamental way to explain system structure and function, the ecological system is regarded as the open system. on this critical issue, Ilya Prigogine's far from equilibrium thermodynamics opened up a gap of closed system, provided development space for the ecology. In the 20th century,statistical physics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics or far from equilibrium thermodynamics were developed very much, science is interested in the orderly structure and self-organization of the open systems. "Discovering organization principle of the different levels" has led to the transformation of scientific research: from mechanistic towards a systematic theory, from static into dynamic, from the analysis towards the integrated, from inorganic substances into organic matter, and opened up the way for studying the life phenomenon.
Ecology is the science of studying the order, systematism, regularization and purposiveness on the life world.Applying system thought,it interpreted life phenomenon and processes of the life world's development and evolution, evolution and degradation ,ect. Ecological civilization is mainly to explore the organizational principle of society, or to explore order and purpose on the giant social activity system. In these basic issues of life phenomena, the system of science not only abandons the the theological spirit of the traditional、cultural life , but also discarded the mechanistic view that regarding an organism as a polymer, regarding the cell as a mechanical sum of organic molecules, regarding action as a collection of reflections, and issued that life sysyem is a self-organization, self-stabilization, self-regulating and self-transcendence system, and established a solid scientific basis for the concept of ecological civilization in order to reveal the essence of life , the active mechanism of ecological systems.
Ⅱ.Dialectical Holism is as a connotation of the
philosophy of ecological civilization
The overall system theory underwent the simple theory --the overall Machinery theory--the overall dialectic theory--dialectical system theory.
The simple theory directly affirms that the world is a dynamic macrocosm.the ancient philosophers having the simple dialectical thought generally insisted on this world view. But the content of the simple theory is very poor,so it is hazy, abstract and empty, that which changes from intuitionism、sophistry to the surmise 、divinity teleology is easy. According to his "four causes theory " , Ari soil Dodd putted forward the view of the overall theory and the teleology, “the whole is greater than part” became the core of his system thought. But it was negated by latecomer Bacon's "new tool" theory in the period of modern science. However,this is contrary to Ari soil Dodd’s theory: the whole is equal to sum of its parts. The feature of the life phenomenon has been eliminated.
The overall Machinery theory occupys a major position in modern science, thinking that the world is cohereed by the molecules, atoms and other materials, the entire universe is made up of atoms of these "bricks universe". The basic suppose of this view is: the whole is constituted by the sum of its parts, and the overall internal structure and movement track followed a linear determinism principle. They believe that animals and people liking other non-living things are mechanical constituted by parts. So life and non-life difference in the overall machinery view is disappeared.So "animals are machines", "Man the machine" .Society is the special environment of human existence, the method that dismounting the mechanical devices liking anatomy has also been extended to the community, the theory of organic whole of society emerged, mainly represented by the French philosopher Comte, the British philosopher Sri Lanka Spencer and the German philosopher, Schaefer, and so on. The basic suppose of these theory is that the whole is equal to sum of its parts.It is a undue behavior offending different system levels that the social organism is confused with biological organisms,utilizing biological principles instead of society rules to describe the social history.
It is a major work for modern dialectical thinkers to criticize the ueasonable mechanical theory.they mainly represented by Hegel、Marx, have put forward a new holism - a dialectical holism. Hegel believes that all exist things are in their mutual relations, the relations is a "self-related", and things are all living organisms. He pointed out the mechanistic view is very superficial that the whole is divided into parts and parts separating from the whole are independent. In his view, although the whole is made by parts,the whole which divided into parts is not be the whole.To understand the whole,we must hold the entire interior and relations between the internal with external. Undering the guidance of social organism, Marx who be a model in studying social organism
by system method made a systematic typical study about the capitalist social fabric. Marx's "Das Kapital" published since 1867 has become the classic study of social organization by utlizing overall system concept and method for more 140 years.
The overall dialectical theory displays that it is a strong driver to promote model of thinking to change in criticizing whole machinery theory. However, the overall theory of the dialectic was established on the basis of modern natural science technology when modern natural science sprouted, the community just entered the period of industrial civilization. Natural science view was generally dominated by the mechanical theory which treated problems are linear, all act in accordance with the linear determinism. the basic point of the linear is that the whole is equal to sum of its parts ,the relationship of quantity is proportional,the equations of linear system comply with the superposition principle. Laplace's demon made the world to lose its diversity, richness, fall into a cold organical world, close the door for studying the world and society. The real system science was in the embryonic period,the field of scientific activities was limited to transformation between material with energy, information resource use was only at the stage itself, could not be consciously utilized and developed ,the people could not naturally reveal the nature of the living systems. For all these reasons, the dialectical mode of thinking was suppressed, the whole dialectical theory was waiting for practice and scientific support.
Since 1937, after Bertalanffy proposed system principle, information theory and cybernetics resulted one after another, humans systems thinking which have thousands of years science and culture history is vividly really expressed in specific subjects.It made the understanding of mankind to change greatly: from the inorganized primitivism to the organized organization ,from the low-grade simplicity of little particle to the high-grade complexity of multiparticle,from the additive linear to the non-additive non-linear,these all exploited new start point for recognizing question of organization, complexity,isomorphism,non-linear,thus change people's world picture - the whole theory of dialectical systems.
It is precondition for Contemporary science system that the world is the living organic wholism body, the wholism is the most impotrant feature for the ecosystem, Nature is a organic wholism body which made up of material cycle/energy cycle/information transformation.In life and social phenomena, each species occupies its particular ecological niche,can hardly do without relation of other species and dependence of the environment. The relationship between man and the natural environment is equality,the people is responsible for the natural environment as for others, the intrinsic value for the people to defend the nature exactly is to depend the living right,the human law was gradually extended to non-human nature-- from animals to plants, to the existence of all life, to the earth environment.its world outlook is a whole
dialectical view,is comprehensive, living theory instead of mechanical non-reduced theory,is network instead of the non-linear non-analytical doctrine.
Progress of modern system science has greatly eiched the system dialectical macrocosm. first of all, the traditional nature view has changed to the non-linear nature view,then the narrow nature view has changed to the society nature view. From the biological sense, people are part of nature, or a species, but from human activity, or organized society as a living system, people are interdependent on nature,are always changing with material, energy and information. Marx said: "Only when the matter is relative with people according to people way，I can be relative with the object according to people way in
④practice process."The relationship between establishment of the system
dialectical macrocosm with establishment of ecological civilization is organic unitary, the system dialectical macrocosm is a philosophy holism for ecological civilization,is a new period of dialectical macrocosm .
Ⅲ.Eco-culture is the basic way to build an ecological
civilization
（Ⅰ）Science and technology and cultural construction is the primary task ofecological civilization.
Ecological civilization not only is the overall coordination between people with nature,but also is the modern civilization of continuous social development,its core is that man and nature exist in harmony.it is the the primary task of ecological civilization that we correctly understand and handle the relationship between man and nature,develop science and technology, strengthen science and technology and cultural construction. Nature science technology is always a tool for human being to be in accordance with nature, science technology culture is the social productivity,is an important support for ecological civilization,is the cornerstone of the social material and spiritual civilization. During ecological civilization construction, technological cultural construction must be in advance.
（Ⅱ）System of civilization is the key to achieving ecological civilization
Only depended on the cognition provided from condition of realistic productivity,we can ensure that the whole community to tend towards ecological civilization. Institutional culture is an intermediary between the material culture and spiritual culture.if cultural ecosystem lacks this intermediary, even the best of material culture could not raise out of the advanced spiritual
篇二：4000字单词
abandon vt.丢弃；放弃，抛弃 ability n.能力；能耐，本领 abnormal a.不正常的；变态的 aboard ad.在船(车)上；上船 abroad ad.(在)国外；到处 absence n.缺席，不在场；缺乏 absent a.不在场的；缺乏的 absolute a.绝对的；纯粹的 absolutely ad.完全地；绝对地 absorb vt.吸收；使专心 abstract a.抽象的 n.摘要 abundant a.丰富的；大量的 abuse vt.滥用；虐待 n.滥用 academic a.学院的；学术的 academy n.私立中学；专科院校 accelerate vt.(使)加快；促进 acceleration n.加速；加速度 accent n.口音，腔调；重音 acceptable a.可接受的，合意的 acceptance n.接受，验收；承认 access n.接近；通道，入口 accessory n.同谋，从犯；附件 accident n.意外的；事故 accidental a.偶然的；非本质的 accommodate vt.容纳；供应，供给
accommodation n.招待设备；预定铺位
accompany vt.陪伴，陪同；伴随 accomplish vt.达到(目的)；完成 accord vt.使一致；给予 accordance n.一致；和谐；授予 accordingly ad.因此，所以；照着 account n.记述；解释；帐目 alternative n.替换物；取舍，抉择 accumulate vt.积累 vi.堆积 accuracy n.准确(性)；准确度 accurate a.准确的，正确无误的 accuse vt.指责；归咎于 accustom vt.使习惯
accustomed a.惯常的；习惯的 achieve vt.完成，实现；达到 achievement n.完成；成就，成绩 acid n.酸；酸的，酸性的 acquaintance n.认识；了解；熟人 acquire vt.取得；获得；学到 acre n.英亩(=6.07亩) act vi.行动；见效 n.行为 action n.行动；作用；功能 active a.活跃的；积极的 activity n.活动；活力；行动 actress n.女演员 actually ad.实际上；竟然 acute a.尖的，锐的；敏锐的 adapt vt.使适应；改编 add vt.添加，附加，掺加 addition n.加，加法；附加物 additional a.附加的，追加的 address n.地址；演说；谈吐 adequate a.足够的；可以胜任的 adjective n.形容词 a.形容词的
adjust vt.调整，调节；校正 administration n.管理；管理部门
admire vt.钦佩，羡慕，赞赏 admission n.允许进入；承认 admit vt.承认；准许…进入 adopt vt.收养；采用；采取
advance vi.前进；提高 n.进展 advanced a.先进的；高级的 advantage n.优点，优势；好处 adventure n.冒险；惊险活动 adverb n.副词
advertisement n.广告；登广告 advisable n.明智的；可取的 advise vt.劝告；建议；通知 aeroplane n.飞机
affair n.事情，事件；事务 affect vt.影响；感动 affection n.慈爱，爱；爱慕 afford vt.担负得起…；提供 African a.非洲的 n.非洲人 agency n.经办；代理；代理处 agent n.代理人，代理商 aggressive a.侵略的；好斗的 agony n.极度痛苦
agreement n.协定，协议；同意 agriculture n.农业，农艺；农学 aid n.帮助，救护；助手 aircraft n.飞机，飞行器 airline n.航空公司；航线 airplane n.飞机 airport n.机场，航空站 alarm n.惊恐，忧虑；警报 alcohol n.酒精，乙醇 allow vt.允许，准许；任 alloy n.合金；(金属的)成色 alone a.单独的 ad.单独地 alphabet n.字母表，字母系统 alter vt.改变，变更；改做
although conj.尽管，虽然 altitude n.高，高度；高处 altogether ad.完全；总而言之 aluminium n.铝
amaze vt.使惊奇，使惊愕 ambition n.雄心，抱负，野心 ambulance n.救护车；野战医院 amongst prep在…之中(=among) amount n.总数；数量；和
ampere n.安培
amplify vt.放大，增强；扩大 amuse vt.逗…乐；给…娱乐 analyse vt.分析，分解，解析 analysis n.分析，分解，解析 ancestor n.祖宗，祖先 anchor n.锚 vi.抛锚，停泊 ancient a.古代的，古老的 angel n.天使，神差，安琪儿 anger n.怒，愤怒 vt.使发怒 angle n.角，角度 angry a.愤怒的，生气的 ankle n.踝，踝节部
announce vt.宣布，宣告，发表 announcer n.宣告者；播音员 annoy vt.使恼怒；打搅 annual a.每年的 n.年报 anticipate vt.预料，预期，期望 anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望 anxious a.忧虑的；渴望的 anyway ad.无论如何 apart ad.相隔；分开；除去 apartment n.一套公寓房间 apologize vi.道歉，谢罪，认错 apology n.道歉，认错，谢罪 apparatus n.器械，仪器；器官 apparent a.表面上的；明显的 appeal vi.&n.呼吁；申述 appear vi.出现；来到；似乎 appearance n.出现，来到；外观 appetite n.食欲，胃口；欲望 appliance n.用具，器具，器械
applicable a.能应用的；适当的 application n.请求，申请；施用 apply vt.应用，实施，使用 appoint vt.任命，委任；约定 appointment n.任命；约定，约会 appreciate vt.欣赏；领会；感谢 approach vt.向…靠近 n.靠近 appropriate a.适当的，恰当的 approval n.赞成，同意；批准 approve vt.赞成，称许；批准 approximately ad.近似地，大约 Arabian a.阿拉伯的
arbitrary a.随心所欲的；专断的 architecture n.建筑学；建筑式样 argument n.争论，辩论；理由 arise vi.出现；由…引起 arithmetic n.算术，四则运算 arouse vt.引起，唤起；唤醒 arrangement n.整理，排列；安排 arrest vt.逮捕，拘留；阻止 arrival n.到达；到来；到达者 arrive vi.到达；来临；达到 arrow n.箭；箭状物
artificial a.人工的；娇揉造作的 artist n.艺术家，美术家 artistic a.艺术的；艺术家的 ash n.灰，灰末；骨灰 ashamed a.惭愧(的)；羞耻(的) asleep a.睡着的，睡熟的 aspect n.方面；样子，外表 assemble vt.集合，召集；装配 assembly n.集合；集会；装配 assess vt.对(财产等)估价 assign vt.指派；分配；指定 assignment n.任务，指定的作业 assist vt.援助，帮助；搀扶 assistant n.助手，助理；助教 associate vi.交往 n.伙伴，同事 association n.协会，团体；联合 assume vt.假定；承担；呈现 assure vt.使确信；向…保证 astonish vt.使惊讶，使吃惊 astronaut n.宇宙航行员，宇航员 athlete n.运动员；田径运动员
Atlantic a.大西洋的 n.大西洋 atmosphere n.大气；空气；气氛 atmospheric a.大气的；大气层的 atom n.原子；微粒；微量 atomic a.原子的；原子能的 attach vt.缚，系，贴；附加 attack vt.&vi.&n.攻击，进攻 attain vt.达到，获得，完成 attempt vt.尝试，试图 n.企图 attend vt.出席；照顾，护理 attention n.注意，留心；注意力 attentive a.注意的；有礼貌的 attitude n.态度，看法；姿势 attract vt.吸引；引起，诱惑 attraction n.吸引；吸引力；引力 attractive a.有吸引力的 attribute vt.把…归因于 n.属性 audience n.听众，观众，读者 August n.八月 aural a.耳的，听觉的 Australia n.澳大利亚 Australian a.澳大利亚的 author n.作者，作家
authority n.当局，官方；权力 auto n.(口语)汽车
automatic a.自动的；机械的 automation n.自动，自动化 automobile n.汽车，机动车 auxiliary a.辅助的；附属的 available a.可利用的；通用的 avenue n.林荫道，道路；大街 average n.平均数 a.平均的 aviation n.航空，航空学 avoid vt.避免，躲开；撤消 await vt.等候，期待 awake a.醒着的 vt.唤醒 award n.奖，奖品；判定 aware a.知道的，意识到的 awful a.令人不愉快的 awfully ad.令人畏惧的；很 awkward a.笨拙的；尴尬的 ax n.斧子
axis n.轴，轴线；中心线 bacteria n.细菌
badminton n.羽毛球 baggage n.行李
bake vt.烤，烘，焙；烧硬 balance vt.使平衡；称 n.天平 band n.乐队；带；波段 bang n.巨响，枪声；猛击 banner n.旗，旗帜，横幅 bar n.酒吧间；条，杆；栅 barber n.理发师 bare a.赤裸的；仅仅的 bargain n.交易 vi.议价；成交 bark n.吠叫声 vi.吠，叫 barn n.谷仓；牲口棚 barrel n.桶；圆筒；枪管 barrier n.栅栏，屏障；障碍 basic a.基本的，基础的 basically ad.基本上 basin n.盆，洗脸盆；盆地 basis n.基础，根据 bat n.球拍；短棍；蝙蝠 bath n.浴，洗澡；浴缸 bathe vt.给…洗澡；弄湿 bathroom n.浴室；盥洗室 battery n.电池；一套，一组 battle n.战役；斗争 vi.作战 bay n.湾；山脉中的凹处 B.C. (缩)公元前
beach n.海滩，湖滩，河滩 beam n.梁；横梁；束，柱 bean n.豆，蚕豆 bear n.熊；粗鲁的人 bear vt.容忍；负担；生育 beard n.胡须，络腮胡子 beast n.兽，野兽；牲畜 beat vt.&vi.打，敲；打败 beautiful a.美的，美丽的 beef n.牛肉；菜牛 beg vt.&vi.乞求；请求 beggar n.乞丐，穷人 behalf n.利益，维护，支持 behave vi.表现，举止；运转 behavior n.行为，举止，态度 being n.存在；生物；生命 belief n.信任，相信；信念
believe vt.相信；认为 bell n.钟，铃，门铃；钟声 belong vi.属于，附属 beloved a.为…的爱的 n.爱人 belt n.带，腰带；皮带；区 bench n.长凳，条凳；工作台 bend vt.使弯曲 vi.弯曲 beneath prep.在…下方 beneficial a.有利的，有益的 benefit n.利益；恩惠；津贴 berry n.浆果(如草莓等) beside prep.在…旁边 besides ad.而且prep.除…之外 bet vt.&vi.&n.打赌 betray vt.背叛；辜负；泄漏 beyond prep.在…的那边 Bible n.基督教《圣经》 bill n.账单；招贴；票据 billion num.万亿(英) bind vt.捆绑；包扎；装钉 biology n.生物学；生态学 birthday n.生日，诞生的日期 biscuit n.(英)饼干；(美)软饼 bite vt.咬，叮，螫；剌穿 bitter a.痛苦的；严寒的 bitterly ad.苦苦地；悲痛地 blade n.刀刃，刀片；叶片 blame vt.责备，把…归咎于 blank a.空白的 n.空白 blanket n.毛毯，毯子，羊毛毯 blast n.爆炸，冲击波 vt.炸 blaze n.火；闪光 vi.燃烧 bleed vi.出血，流血；泌脂 blend vt.&vi.&n.混和 bless vt.为…祝福 blind a.瞎的；盲目的 block n.街区 vt.堵塞，拦阻 bloom n.花；开花，开花期 blossom n.花，开花 vi.开花 blow vi.吹，吹动；吹响 boast vi.自夸 vt.吹嘘 bold a.大胆的；冒失的 bolt n.螺栓；插销 vt.闩门 bomb n.BoB!!! vt.轰炸
bond n.联结，联系；公债 bone n.骨，骨骼 boot n.靴子，长统靴 booth n.货摊；公用电话亭 border n.边，边缘；边界 bore vt.使厌烦；钻，挖 born a.天生的；出生的 bosom n.胸，胸部；内心 boss n.老板，上司 vt.指挥 bother vt.烦扰，迷惑 n.麻烦 bough n.树枝
bounce vi.反跳，弹起；跳起 bound a.一定的；有义务的 boundary n.分界线，办界 bow n.弓；蝴蝶结；鞠躬 bowl n.碗，钵；碗状物 box n.箱，盒；包箱；拳击vi.打拳
brain n.脑，脑髓；脑力 brake n.闸，刹车 vi.制动 branch n.树枝；分部；分科 brand n.商品；烙印 vt.铭刻 brandy n.白兰地酒 brass n.黄铜；黄铜器 breadth n.宽度，幅度；幅面 breathe vi.呼吸 vt.呼吸 breed n.品种 vt.使繁殖 breeze n.微风，和风 brick n.砖，砖块；砖状物 brief a.简短的；短暂的 brighten vt.使发光；使快活 brilliant a.光辉的；卓越的 brim n.边，边缘；帽沿 brisk a.活泼的；清新的 bristle n.短而硬的毛；鬃毛 Britain n.不列颠，英国 British a.不列颠的，英联邦的 brittle a.脆的；易损坏的 broadcast n.广播，播音 broken a.被打碎的，骨折的 bronze n.青铜；青铜制品 brood n.同窝幼鸟 vt.孵(蛋) brook n.小河，溪流 broom n.扫帚
brow n.额；眉，眉毛 brown n.褐色，棕色 bruise n.青肿，伤痕；擦伤 brush n.刷子，毛刷；画笔 brute n.禽兽，畜生 bubble n.泡 vi.冒泡，沸腾 bucket n.水桶；吊桶；铲斗 bud n.芽，萌芽；蓓蕾 bulb n.电灯泡；球状物 bulk n.物体，容积，大批 bull n.公牛；雄的象 bullet n.枪弹，子弹，弹丸 bunch n.束，球，串；一群 bundle n.捆，包，束；包袱 burden n.担子，重担；装载量 bureau n.局，司，处；社，所 burst vt.使爆裂 vi.&n.爆炸 bury vt.埋葬，葬；埋藏 butcher n.屠夫；屠杀者 butter n.黄油；奶油 butterfly n.蝴蝶
button n.扣子；按钮 vt.扣紧 cabbage n.洋白菜，卷心菜 cabin n.小屋；船舱，机舱 cabinet n.橱，柜；内阁 cable n.缆，索；电缆；电报 cafeteria n.自助食堂
calculate vt.计算；估计；计划 calculator n.计算器，计算者 calendar n.日历，历书；历法 camel n.骆驼
camera n.照相机，摄影机 camp n.野营，营地，兵营 campaign n.战役；运动 campus n.校园，学校场地 Canada n.加拿大 Canadian a.加拿大的 canal n.运河；沟渠；管 cancel vt.取消，撤消；删去 cancer n.癌，癌症，肿瘤 candidate n.候选人；投考者 candle n.蜡烛；烛形物；烛光 candy n.糖果；砂糖结晶 cannon n.大炮，火炮；榴弹炮canoe n.独木舟，皮艇，划子 canteen n.小卖部；临时餐室 canvas n.粗帆布；一块油画布 capable a.有能力的，有才能的 capacity n.容量；能力；能量 capital n.资本，资金；首都 captain n.陆军上尉；队长 captive n.俘虏，被监禁的人 capture vt.捕获，俘获；夺得 carbon n.碳
care vi.关心，介意 n.小心 career n.生涯，职业，经历 careful a.仔细的；细致的 careless a.粗心的，漫不经心的 cargo n.船货，货物 carpenter n.木工，木匠 carpet n.地毯，毡毯，毛毯 carriage n.客车厢；四轮马车 carrier n.运输工具；运载工具 carrot n.胡罗卜
carry vt.携带；运载；传送 cart n.二轮运货马车 carve vt.刻，雕刻；切开 case n.情况；事实；病例 case n.箱(子)，盒(子)，套 cash n.现金，现款
cassette n.盒式录音带；盒子 cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸 castle n.城堡；巨大建筑物 casual a.偶然的；随便的 catalog n.目录，目录册 catch vt.捉住；赶上；领会 cathedral n.总教堂；大教堂 cattle n.牛；牲口，家畜 cause n.原因，理由；事业 cave n.山洞，洞穴，窑洞 cease vi.&vi.&n.停止，停息 ceiling n.天花板，顶蓬 celebrate vt.庆祝；歌颂，赞美 cell n.细胞；小房间 cellar n.地窑，地下室 cement n.水泥；胶泥 vt.粘结 centigrade a.百分度的 centimetre n.公分，厘米
central a.中心的；主要的 centre n.中心；中枢 vt.集中 century n.世纪，百年 ceremony n.典礼，仪式；礼节 certainly ad.一定，必定；当然 certainty n.必然；肯定 certificate n.证书，证件，执照 chain n.链，链条，项圈 challenge n.挑战；要求，需要 chamber n.会议室；房间；腔 champion n.冠军，得胜者 chance n.机会，机遇；可能性 change n.改变，变化；零钱 channel n.海峡；渠道；频道 chapter n.章，回，篇 character n.性格；特性；角色 characteristic a.特有的 n.特性 charge vt.索价；控告 n.费用 charity n.施舍；慈善事业 charming a.迷人的，可爱的 chart n.图，图表；海图 chase n.追逐，追赶，追求 cheap a.廉价的；劣质的 cheat vt.骗取；哄 vi.行骗 check vt.检查；制止 n.检查 cheek n.面颊，脸蛋 cheer vt.使振作；欢呼 cheerful a.快乐的，愉快的 cheese n.乳酪，干酪
chemical a.化学的 n.化学制品 chemist n.化学家；药剂师 chemistry n.化学 cheque n.支票 cherry n.樱桃；樱桃树 chess n.棋；国际象棋 chest n.胸腔，胸膛；箱子 chew vt.咀嚼，嚼碎 chicken n.小鸡，小鸟；鸡肉 chief a.主要的；首席的 childhood n.童年，幼年；早期 childish a.孩子的；幼稚的 chill vt.使变冷 n.寒冷
chimney n.烟囱，烟筒；玻璃罩 chin n.颏，下巴
china n.瓷器，瓷料
chocolate n.巧克力；巧克力糖 choice n.选择，抉择 choke vt.使窒息；塞满 choose vt.选择，挑选；情愿 chop vt.砍，劈；切细vi.砍 Christian n.基督教徒；信徒 Christmas n.圣诞节
cigarette n.香烟，纸烟，卷烟 cinema n.电影院；电影，影片 circuit n.电路；环行；巡行 circular a.圆的；循环的 circulate vt.使循环 vi.循环 circumference n.圆周，周长，圆周线
circumstance n.情况，条件；境遇citizen n.公民；市民，居民 civil a.公民的；文职的 civilization n.文明，文化；开化 civilize vt.使文明；教育 claim vt.声称，主张；索取 clap vi.拍手 vt.拍，轻拍 clarify vt.澄清，阐明 clasp n.扣子，钩子；别针 classical a.古典的；经典的 classification n.分类；分级；分类法
classify vt.把…分类 classmate n.同班同学 classroom n.教室，课堂 claw n.爪，脚爪，螯 clay n.粘土，泥土；肉体 clean a.清洁的；纯洁的 clear a.清晰的 vt.清除 clearly ad.明白地，清晰地 clerk n.店员；办事员，职员 clever a.聪明的；机敏的 cliff n.悬崖，峭壁
climate n.气候；风土，地带 climb vi.攀登，爬 vt.爬 cloak n.斗篷；覆盖(物) closely ad.紧密地，接近地 clothe vt.给…穿衣服 clue n.线索，暗示，提示
clumsy a.笨拙的；愚笨的 coach n.长途公共汽车 coal n.煤，煤块 coarse a.粗的，粗糙的 coast n.海岸，海滨(地区) cock n.公鸡；雄禽；旋塞 code n.准则；法典；代码 coffee n.咖啡，咖啡茶 coil n.(一)卷；线圈 vt.卷 coin n.硬币；铸造(硬币) collapse vi.倒坍；崩溃，瓦解 collar n.衣领，项圈 colleague n.同事，同僚 collect vt.收集 vi.收款
collection n.搜集，收集；收藏品 collective a.集体的；集合性的 college n.学院；大学 collision n.碰撞；冲突 colonel n.陆军上校；中校 colony n.殖民地；侨居地 color n.颜色，彩色；颜料 column n.柱，支柱，圆柱 comb n.梳子 vt.梳理
combination n.结合，联合；化合 combine vt.使结合；兼有 comfort n.舒适；安慰 vt.安慰 comfortable a.舒适的，安慰的 command vt.命令，指挥；控制 commander n.司令官，指挥员 comment n.评论，意见；注释 commerce n.商业，贸易；社交 commercial a.商业的；商品化的 commission n.委任状；委员会 commit vt.犯(错误);干(坏事) committee n.委员会；全体委员 common a.普通的；共同的 commonly ad.普通地，一般地 communicate vi.通讯；传达；传播
communication n.通讯；传达；交通
communism n.Communist主义 communist n.Communistparty员 community n.社区；社会；公社 companion n.同伴；共事者；伴侣
company n.公司，商号；同伴 comparative a.比较的，相对的 compare vt.比较，对照；比作 comparison n.比较，对照；比似 compass n.罗盘，指南针；圆规 compel vt.强迫，迫使屈服 compete vi.比赛；竞争；对抗 competent a.有能力的；应该做的 competition n.竞争，比赛 compile vt.编辑，编制，搜集 complain vi.抱怨，拆苦；控告 complaint n.抱怨；怨言；控告 complete a.完整的；完成的 completely ad.十分，完全地 complex a.结合的；复杂的 complicate vt.使复杂；使陷入 complicated a.复杂的，难懂的 component n.组成部分；分；组件
compose vt.组成，构成；创作 composition n.构成；作品；写作 compound n.化合物；复合词 comprehension n.理解；领悟 comprehensive a.广泛的；理解的 compress vt.压紧，压缩 comprise vt.包含，包括；构成 compromise n.妥协，和解 compute vt.计算，估计，估算 computer n.计算机，电脑 comrade n.同志，亲密的同伴 conceal vt.把…隐藏起来 concentrate vt.集中；聚集；浓缩 concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩
concept n.概念，观念，设想 concern n.关心，挂念；关系 concerning prep.关于 concert n.音乐会，演奏会 conclude vt.推断出；结束 conclusion n.结论，推论；结尾 concrete n.混凝土；具体物 condemn vt.谴责，指责；判刑
篇三：国际商务英语中翻译的重要性》的论文(中文4000字左右
国际商务英语中翻译的重要性
摘要：商务英语翻译在日益纷繁的国际商务活动中愈益显著，许多商务翻译工作者和语言研究者从不同的角度探寻商务翻译的原则和策略, 但这些研究大多忽视了商务文本功能的研究。本文首先分析商务文本微观层面的用词特点、句法特征和篇章结构，重点分析其交际目的，视商务文本为商务场合中的“交际事件”，具有“信息型”和“呼唤型”等功能。文章进而以德国功能翻译理论尤其是“翻译目的论”为依据，提出目的性法则是指导商务翻译活动的最高原则，连贯性和忠实性法确保译文文本功能的实现；忠诚原则要求译者具有高度的责任心，既要对读者负责，也必须尊重原文作者，协调译文目的和原作者意图。最后得出结论商务翻译应该注重译作在新的文化语境里的传播与接受，以及其作为一种跨文化传递行为的最终目的和效果，同时还强调译者在这整个翻译过程中所起的作用。
关键词：商务英语翻译；翻译目的论；目的性法则；连贯性法则；忠诚法则；
前 言
在世界经济全球化和一体化的进程中，国际商务活动日益纷繁，英语在国际政治、经济、文化、科技方面的作用愈益显著，尤其是商务英语为经济、科技和社会发展做出了突出的贡献，成了社会发展的必然产物。“据统计，全世界16亿以英语为第一语言，第二语言或外语的人群中，几乎90%的人每天都在与商贸英语打交道”（刘法公，2000）。这个庞大的商务文化群体以及英语在这个社会群体的交际过程中的社会功能及其翻译引起了语言研究工作者的重视，许多学者纷纷研究商务英语的文体特征和语言特点（廖英，2004），探索现代商务英语的翻译策略（段梦敏，2005）及翻译原则（刘法公，2000）。还有些学者从跨学科的视野研究商务翻译，将系统功能语言学的语域理论、语篇分析等理论也应用到了商务语篇翻译的研究中。对商务英语语言的研究、翻译策略及翻译原则的探索固然重要，但这些研究大多都倾向于语言学的微观词句层面的研究，忽视了商务文本功能的研究，并且缺乏具体的理论指导。鉴于此，本文首先视商务文本为商务场合中的“交际事件”，通过将宏观层面的翻译目的和文本功能与微观层面的篇章结构、句法特征和用词特点相结合，探讨功能翻译理论在商务翻译实践活动中的指导性和可行性。
目 录
1.德国功能翻译理论..........................................................................................1
2．商务英语的语言特征和文体风格………………………………………………..1
2.1商务英语词汇方面的特点……………………………………………………….2
2.1.1专业词汇词义的“专一”和词义的“歧义”并存 ………………………………..2
2.1.2用词正式严谨 …………………………………………………………………3
2.2商务英语句法上的特点 …………………………………………………………3
2.3 商务英语的语篇风格特点 ……………………………………………………..4
3．功能翻译理论与商务文本翻译 …………………………………………………4
3.1 商务文本功能与翻译 …………………………………………………………..4
3.2目的性法则是指导商务翻译活动的最高原则 …………………………………5
3.3 连贯性和忠实性法则确保译文文本功能的实现………………………………6
国际商务英语中翻译的重要性
1.德国功能翻译理论
功能派翻译理论20世纪70年代产生于德国，其代表人物是卡塔琳娜?莱思（Katharina Reiss）、汉斯?弗米尔（ Hans J. Vermeer）、贾斯特?霍斯?曼特瑞（Justa Holz Manttari）和克里丝汀?诺德（Christiane Nord）。早在1971年卡塔琳娜?莱思在其《翻译批评的可能性与限制》（Possibilities and Limitations in Translation Criticism）一书中提出了功能主义翻译批评理论，她指出理想的译文应该从概念性的内容、语言形式和交际功能上与原文对等（The ideal translation would be one in which “the aim in the TL is equivalence as regards the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function of a SL” (1977, translation 1989: 112)），并且称这种翻译为综合性交际翻译（integral communicative performance）(1977, translation 1989: 114)，她试图创立一种基于源语语篇和目的语语篇功能关系的翻译批评模式(张美芳，2005)。同时，她还认为由于翻译的具体要求（translation brief）不同有些等值是不可能实现的,译者应该优先考虑译文的功能特征而不是对等原则。莱思提出的这种翻译功能优先于对等论的标准是翻译批评家不再依赖对原文特征的分析，而是要根据翻译的环境来判断译文是否具有功能（张美芳，2005）。后来，她把文本类型、功能和翻译方法联系起来，提出了“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”三大功能文本类型，莱思的这种分类“使译者对交际功能的语言标记和功能翻译的组成部分感觉更敏锐”（Text-type classifications sharpen the translator?s awareness of linguistic markers of communicative function and functional translation units. Nord, 2001:
38），有助于译者根据文本类型的交际功能选择翻译策略。
后来汉斯?弗米尔摆脱了对等论的束缚，创立了功能派的奠基理论“翻译目的论”（Skopos theory）, 其核心概念是：决定翻译过程的最主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的（张美芳，2005）。之后，贾斯特?霍斯?曼特瑞进一步发展了目的论，提出了“翻译行为”（Translational action）这一概念，探讨了包括文本转换在内的所有跨文化转换形式，着重论述了翻译过程的行为、参与者的角色和翻译过程发生的环境三个方面的问题。
目的论还认为,译本的预期目的决定翻译的方法和策略，在翻译过程中应遵循三个总体原则，即目的原则（skopos rule）、连贯原则(coherence rule) 和忠实原则(fidelity rule)。所有翻译应遵循的首要法则就是“目的法则”，换言之，整个翻译过程，包括翻译方法和翻译策略的选择，都是由翻译行为所要达到的目的决定的。目的论把翻译行为所要达到的目的概括为三种：译者的目的、译文的交际目的和使用某种特殊翻译手段所要达到的目的。其中，译文的交际目的一般情况下比另外两个目的更为重要，而交际目的通常是由翻译行为的发起人决定的，不过，译者可参与译文目的的确定。连贯法则（coherence rule）指译文须符合篇内连贯（intratextual coherence）的要求，是针对译文语篇内部及其与译入语文化之间的关系而言的；忠实原则指译文与原文之间应符合篇际连贯
（intertextual coherence）的要求，是针对译文语篇与原文语篇之间的关系而言的，近似于我们通常所说的译文应忠实于原文的说法，所不同的是“忠实法则”必须首先服从“目的法则”和“连贯法则”。
在上个世纪进入最后10年的时候，德国学者诺德（Christiane Nord）又进一步拓展了功能派理论，在目的论原有基础上在其《翻译中的语篇分析》提出了忠诚原则（loyalty principle）。对译者的道德观念提出了新的要求。从此，目的法则和忠诚原则共同构成了功能学派翻译理论的两大支柱。
2．商务英语的语言特征和文体风格
商务英语属功能性语言的范畴，是英语的一种社会功能变体，是英语在商务场合中的应用。它涉及技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资、对外劳务承包与合同、国际合同、国际金融、涉外保险、国际旅游、海外投资、国际运输等等。经贸英语源于普通英语，并以此为基础，完全具有普通英语的语言学特征，但同时它又是商务知识和普通英语的综合体（张新红，2003），因而具有其内在的独特性，这种独特性主要集中以下几个方面：
2.1商务英语词汇方面的特点
商务英语的语言形式、词汇、以及内容等方面与专业知识密切相关，它承载着商务理论和商务实践等方面的信息，对专业词汇的精确使用是商务语言在词汇使用上的最大特点。例如：sole license（排他性许可证）和exclusive license（独占性许可证），两者各有精确的含义，不能随意交换使用。前者表示在许可证交易中，技术受让方在协议有效期间，在协定的地区内，对许可证项下的技术具有独占权，不许授予第三方，只许在规定地区内使用该技术和出售该产品的许可证；而后者则表示，许可方不得再把同样内容的使用许可证协议受该地域内的任何第三方，就连许可人自己也不得在该地区使用该项技术（胡庚申，2001：154）。又如：anti-dumping measures （反倾销措施），quota-free products （非配额生产）investment in non-productive projects （非生产性投资），clearance sale (清仓削价销售)，closed cargo （列入表定运费的货物）等等。
2.1.1专业词汇词义的“专一”和词义的“歧义”并存
商务英语不同于普通英语的另一个特点是许多专业词汇词义变化不大。如D/P (document against payment) 付款交单，不管在什么上下文中，都是指出口方在委托银行收款时，指示银行只有在付款人（进口方）付清货款时，才能向其交出货运单据，即“交单”以“付款”为条件。类似的词不胜枚举。如：FOB, CIF, invoice, and letter of credit等等。但商务英语中也不乏准专业词汇，这些词在不同的场合、不同的语境中有不同的含义，例如：instrument of payment ( 支付工具)，instrument of pledge（抵押契据），instrument of ratification（批准证书），instrument of acquisition (购置凭证)。请看译例：
例[1]
A confirmed irrevocable letter of credit shall be established within 15 days after the conclusion of the contract and such letter of credit shall be maintained at least 15 days after the month of shipment for the negotiation of the relative draft. If the Buyers fail to provide such letter of credit in the Sellers? favor as
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