3000字英文文献,

篇一：3000字英文参考文献及其翻译范例

3000字英文参考文献及其翻译

【注意：选用的英文一定要与自己的论文题目相关。

如果文章太长，可以节选（用省略号省略一些段略）。如果字数不够，可以选2至3篇，但要逐一注明详细出处。英文集中在一起放前面，对应的中文翻译放后面。中文翻译也要将出处翻译，除非是网页。 对文献的翻译一定要认真！对英文文献及其翻译的排版也要和论文正文一样！

特别注意：英文文献应该放在你的参考文献中。】

TOY RECALLS——IS CHINA THE PROBLEM？

Hari. Bapuji Paul W. Beamish

China exports about 20 billion toys per year and they are the second most commonly imported item by U.S. and Canada. It is estimated that about 10,000 factories in China manufacture toys for export. Considering this mutual dependence, it is important that the problems resulting in recalls are addressed carefully.

Although the largest portion of recalls by Mattel involved design flaws, the CEO of Mattel blamed the Chinese manufacturers by saying that the problem resulted ‘in this case （because） one of our

manufacturers did not follow the rules’. Several analysts too blamed the Chinese manufacturers. By placing blame where it did not belong, there is a danger of losing the opportunity to learn from the errors that have occurred. The first step to learn from errors is to know why and where the error occurred. Further, the most critical step in preventing the recurrence of errors is to find out what and who can prevent it.

……

From:http:///loadpage.aspx?Page=ShowDoc&CategoryAlias=zonghe/ggmflm_zh&BlockAlias=sjhwsd&filename=/doc/sjhwsd/200709281954.xml, Sep. 2007

玩具召回——是中国的问题吗？

哈里·巴普基 保罗·比密什

中国每年大约出口20亿美元的玩具，最常见是从美国和加拿大进口项目。据估计，中国大约有10000家玩具制造工厂从事玩具出口。考虑到这种相互依存，在召回时谨慎处理是很重要的。

尽管绝大部分美泰的玩具召回涉及设计缺陷，但是，美泰公司的首席执行官指责中国制造商说，导致这种问题的原因“是因为我们的一些制造商不遵守规则”。一些分析师也指责中国制造商。把责任归咎于不存在错误的地方是危险的行为，这将使得我们丧失从继有的错误中吸取教训的机会。第一步是要从错误中学习知道为什么发生错误和哪里发生了错误。此外，防止错误的再次发生最关键的一步是要找出什么以及谁可以阻止它。

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来源：

http:///loadpage.aspx?Page=ShowDoc&CategoryAlias=zonghe/ggmflm_zh&BlockAlias=sjhwsd&filename=/doc/sjhwsd/200709281954.xml，2007年9月

篇二：英语3000字论文

From mid-2005 to the present, many large international Clothing Buyers to shift their business out of Sri Lanka, into more cheap manufacturing destination. During this time, in seven provinces to close 75 factories, including 24 factories in the past 6 months to close. The survey was conducted in February 2009, is a private advisory body RoyDawson conducted.

The survey found that many of the major Sri Lankan Clothing Foreign buyers in the past three years, closed their offices in Sri Lanka, their manufacturing orders to other countries.

Procurement office in Sri Lanka Apparel Association registered about 50 major international apparel sourcing units, 12 units in the past three years, closed their offices in Sri Lanka. The major shift procurement office in Singapore, India and Pakistan. Production mainly to India, Bangladesh and Vietnam.

So far, about 20 foreign buyers no longer a stable operation in Sri Lanka.

A major reason for their transfer business in Sri Lanka's production costs are relatively high and unstable security situation is also a Print . For example, buyers find it difficult to dispatch technical personnel to local factories for regular factory monitoring, which is at the security concerns.

The survey also found that the seven provinces in the investigation of the 75 garment factories in mid-2005 and 2009, only in the past 6 months, there are 24 factories closed. These factories are mainly located in Katunayake, Biyagama, Koggala and SeethawakaPura the free trade zone. Some factories registered in the Investment Authority, part of the plant in the Ministry of Industrial Development Textile Office. In addition, these garment factories closed due to foreign exchange losses to combat unemployment and other related industries. This includes embroidery factory, garments washing plants, manufacturing plants fold, label manufacturing plant, silk manufacturing units Plastic Rack and the polyethylene bag manufacturing units, transport service providers, shipping agency, freight Proxy Agencies, customs clearing technological transformation, Food Providers, sub-contractors to provide services, such as fabric cutting, ironing and packing.

The survey showed that in 1980 and 2004, in Sri Lanka has 650 large, medium and small-scale garment manufacturing plant, to increase the direct employment of 45 million people, 10 million people with indirect

employment. However, since 2005, the termination of multi-fiber agreement and the end of export quotas, Sri Lanka's garment industry stable contraction.

This is mainly due to Sri Lanka's apparel manufacturing with other Asian countries compared to the higher cost of production. The current global recession has also hit the apparel industry in the past 6 months, increase the frequency of plant closures.

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篇三：安卓系统的操作与应用外文文献翻译2014年译文3000字

文献出处：Philippe Nier, The operation and application of Android system [J]. International Journal on Computer Science & Engineering, 2014，13（05）：15-26

（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。）

原文

The Operation and Application of Android System

Philippe·Nier

I. INTRODUCTION

Android is a software stack for mobile devices which includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Since its official public release, Android has captured the interest from companies, developers and the general audience. From that time up to now, this software platform has been constantly improved either in terms of features or supported hardware and, at the same time, extended to new types of devices different from the originally intended mobile ones. Google entered into the mobile market not as a handset manufacturer, but by launching mobile platform called as “Android” for mobile devices such as Smart phones, PDA and net books on 5th November 2007. Google has a vision that Android based cell phone will have all the functions available in the latest PC. In order to make this effort possible, Google launched the Open Handset Alliance. Google introduced Android as an OS which runs the powerful applications and gives the users a choice to select their applications and their carriers. The Android platform is made by keeping in mind various sets of users who can use the available capacity within Android at different levels. Android is gaining strength both in the mobile industry and in other industries with different hardware architectures.

The increasing interest from the industry arises from two core aspects: its open-source nature and its architectural model. Being an open-source project, Android allows us to fully analyze and understand it, which enables feature comprehension, bug fixing, further improvements regarding new functionalities and finally, porting to new hardware. On the other hand, its Linux kernel-based architecture model also adds the use of Linux to the mobile industry, allowing to take advantage of the knowledge and

features offered by Linux. The Android platform consists of several layers which provide a complete software stack.

Android applications are Java-based and this factor entails the use of a virtual machine VM environment, with its advantages. Android uses its own VM called Dalvik, which interprets and executes portable Java-style byte code after transforming it, which is optimized to operate on the mobile platform. All of these aspects make Android an appealing target to be used in other type of environments.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section II briefly describes the Android’s background including architecture, features & programming framework. Section III presents detailed analysis of Android market including comparison with Symbian & Windows Mobile. Finally Section IV concludes this paper.

II. ANDROID BACKGROUND

A . Android Architecture

Android Architecture is shown in fig1, which consist of number of layers as Applications, Application framework, Libraries, Android runtime & Linux kernel [1]. Application layer is the uppermost layer which provides a set of core applications including an email, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are written using the Java programming language. It should be mentioned that applications can be run simultaneously; it is possible to hear music and read an email at the same time. The Application Framework is a software framework that is used to implement a standard structure of an application for a specific operating system. With the help of managers, content providers and other services programmers it can reassemble functions used by other existing applications.

Layer which is present below Application framework consist of two parts as Libraries which are all written in C/C++. They will be called through a Java interface. This includes the Surface Manager, 2D and 3D graphics, Media Codecs like MPEG-4 and MP3, the SQL database SQLite and the web browser engine WebKit. Second part is Android Runtime which includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java programming language. Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik

virtual machine. The Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint. The lowest layer is Linux Kernel, Android basically relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack.

B. Features of Android

Google Android has many features which make it special, but one important feature is Dalvik virtual machine (DVM) [5]. Which is a major component of Android platform. It is optimized for low memory requirements and is designed to allow multiple VM instances to run at the same time. The DVM runs Java applications. However, it is different from standard Java virtual machine in some ways. First, most virtual machines use a stack-based architecture, but Dalvik is a register-based architecture. Second, Dalvik runs Java applications which have been transformed into the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for underlying functionality such as threading and low-level memory management. Java virtual machine tool interface (JVM TI) is a native programming interface on Java virtual machine. The interface provides functionalities to inspect the state of a virtual machine, gather information during run time, and also control the execution of applications running on the Java virtual machine. Android has built in integrated browser based on the open source WebKit engine & built in powerful SQL database engine called SQLite, use for structured data storage. Android support for common audio, video, and still image formats such as AAC, MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AMR, & contains Rich development environment including a device emulator, tools for debugging, & a plug-in for the Eclipse.

C. Android Programming Framework

The environment requires to develop application for Android consists of the Android SDK, the Eclipse IDE and the Java Development Kit (JDK) which has to be preinstalled for the installation of both, Android SDK and Eclipse. The following versions of the tools mentioned above are used & presented in figure below.

1) Android Software Development Kit: The Android SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools. These include libraries, a handset emulator, documentation, sample code, tutorials & tools such as dx - Dalvik Cross-Assembler, aapt – Android Asset Packaging Tool & adb– Android Debug Bridge. Applications are written using the Java programming language and run on Dalvik, a custom virtual machine designed for embedded use which runs on top of a Linux kernel. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (3.2 or later)

2) Android Emulator: The Android SDK includes a mobile device emulator -- a virtual mobile device that runs on your computer. The emulator lets you prototype, develop, and test Android applications without using a physical device. The Android emulator mimics all of the hardware and software features of a typical mobile device, except that it cannot receive or place actual phone calls. It provides a variety of navigation and control keys, which you can "press" using your mouse or keyboard to generate events for your application. It also provides a screen in which your application is displayed, together with any other Android applications running. To let you model and test your application more easily, the emulator supports Android Virtual Device (AVD) configurations. AVDs let you specify the Android platform that you want to run on the emulator, as well as the hardware options and emulator skin files that you want to use.

III. ANDROID MARKET ANALYSIS

A. Android Market

The Android Market, an online software store, is developed by Google for Android devices. It was made available to users on October 22, 2008. Most of the Android devices come with preinstalled “Market” application which allows users to browse, buy, download, and rate different available applications and other content for mobile phones equipped with the open-source operating system. Unlike with the iPhone App Store, there is no requirement that Android apps should be acquired from Android Market [2]. Android apps may be obtained from any source including a developer's own website. Also, Android developers can create their own application market. Google does not have a strict requirement for the application to show up on the

Android Market compared to the process used by Apple. Lastly, the Android Market follows a 70/30 revenue-sharing model for applications developed by developers. The developers of priced applications receive 70% of the application price and remaining 30% distributes. As of May 04, 2010, Android apps hit around 49,000 applications which were around 12,500 in August 2009 and 20,000 in December 2009. The global smart phone sell in second quarter of 2009 & 2010 are shown bellow.

B. Android vs. Symbian vs. Windows Mobile

Comparison is based on main criteria as follows.

1) Portability: Portability is a very important assessment criterion. Symbian OS has many references in this area and having standardized architecture and the openness to software. But the fact that Symbian mostly runs on Nokia cell phones and that it is not Java based lets it fall behind Android. Unfortunately Windows Mobile also has several applications that are specific to certain hardware platforms and therefore are not portable. The Android Mobile platform is a Linux & Java based which allow us to use it on many different platforms unlike Symbian & Win Mobile. As a result Android gets one point, Symbian OS gets half a point and Windows Mobile zero points.

译文

安卓系统的操作与应用

菲利普·尼埃

1引言

安卓是一个包括操作系统和关键应用程序的移动软件堆栈设备。自谷歌官方公开发布该系统以来，安卓吸引了公司、开发人员和大众的兴趣。从那时到现在，这一软件平台不断的得到改善，支持更多的硬件，同时扩展到许多新类型的设备上。从此，谷歌进入了手机市场而不是作为一个手机制造商，不过谷歌于2007年11月5日推出自己的“Android”的智能手机、PDA等移动设备。谷歌的愿景是安装Android系统的手机将能够拥有与最新的电脑一样的所有功能。为了使这

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