篇一：隧道外文翻译
Planning and designing railway tunnels with an explicit reference to safety issues is becoming of utmost importance since the combination of high speed,mix goods-passenger traffic and extreme length of the new tunnels under design or concept evaluation,have sensitively modified the inherent safaty of the railway tunnel. Although the probability of occurrence of accidental events may still be considered rather low,the possible consequences of such events in long tunnels can be catastrophic,therefore raising the overall risk to levels that may be no more acceptable. The scope of this paper is to illutrate the state-of-practice related to risk analysis of long railway tunnels. First,ambitious tunnle projects are briefly reviewed. The applicable risk-analysis procedures are then described and discussed. The problem of risk appraisal is addressed and quantitative target safety levels are proposed. Safety systems for risk reduction sre outlined.q2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.
规划并明确提到安全问题，设计铁路隧道正在成为最重要因为高速的组合，混合货物，旅客运输量和正在设计或概念评估新隧道的最大长度，已敏感地修改了铁路隧道的固有安全性。虽然偶然事件发生的概率可能仍然被认为是相当低的，在长隧道此类事件可能带来的后果可能是灾难性的，因此提高了整体风险的水平，可能是不接受的。本文的范围，说明有关长铁路隧道风险分析的国家的做法第一，有事业心隧道工程简要回顾那么适用风险分析程序描述和讨论。风险评估的问题得到解决和定量目标安全水平提出了建议。出版Elsevier科学版权所有All Rights降低风险斯雷outlined.q2000安全系统预留。
The railway is now moving rapidly toward a modern service transportation industry.High Speed Rail(HSR) systems are already operating in many countries such as Japan,England,France,Italy and Germany.A further development of the whole European HSR network is planned.In order to achieve the design velocity up to 300km/h,a considerable part of the routes is in tunnels with lengths greater than 10 km and in some cases of 50 km.Table illustrates a list of exisiting long tunnels worldwide.In this European context,the Commission of the European Communities(CEC) aimed at homogenizing the HSR projects also with respect to the safety issues.However,neither the CEC guidelines nor the existing railway regulations and codes directly address to the problem of quantitatively assessing the safety level for railway systems.
铁路现在是走向现代化的交通运输服务（HSR）系统已经在许多国家，如日本，英国，法国，意大利和Germany.A整个欧洲高铁网络的进一步发展，经营
industry.High高速铁路计划迅速移动。为了实现在设计速度高达300公里/小时的路由的一个相当大的部分是在与长度大于10千米的隧道，并在50 km.Table的某些情况下，示出已有的长隧道worldwide.In本欧洲上下文的列表，欧洲共同体委员会（CEC）旨在对均质高铁项目也给安全issues.However，无论是CEC的准则，也不是现有铁路的法规和规章直接涉及到定量评估铁路的安全水平问题系统。 Ths is mostly due to the fact that railway transport is considered by railway operators and perceived by the publicee as a safe mean of transportation,This approach to safety might be applic able to traditional railway systems,wich have proven throughout the years their performance;it is,however,not enough to guarantee the safety of railway systems where innovative and particular conditions are present,or of the existing lines that have to be upgraded to new exercise standards.For example,the combination of high-speed transit,high traffice intensity,combined transport of passengers and dangerous goods and extremely long tunnels,might lead to unacceptable safety levels.
部份主要是由于这样的事实，铁路运输是由铁路运营考虑和公众视为交通的安全平均值，该方法安全可能是应用程能够传统铁路系统，至极已多年来证明他们的表现;这然而，没有足够的保证，其中创新性和特殊条件都存在，或者必须升级到新的锻炼standards.For例如现有生产线，高速交通的结合，人流量大的强度铁路系统的安全性，旅客和危险品和极长的隧道联运，可能会导致无法接受的安全水平。
Therefore,the designer has to choose a railway system configuration together with the preventive and mitigative measures of accidents that minimize the risk and ultimately should verify by means of a risk analysis that the obtained safety level is below a predefined target level.The scope of this paper is to illutrate the state-of-practice related to safe tunnel design and associated risk-analysis aspects of long railway tunnel.First,ambitious tunnel projects are briefly reviewed from the safety point of view.The risk-analysis procedures are then described and discussed.The problem of risk appraisal is addressed and quantitative trget safety levels are proposed.Finally,safety system for risk reduction are illustrated.
因此，设计师必须与风险降到最低，最终应通过风险分析所获得的安全水平低于这一预定目标level.The范围的方式核实事故的预防和缓解措施，同时选择一
个铁路系统配置本文旨在说明那么国家的做法涉及到的安全隧道的设计和长铁路tunnel.First的相关风险分析方面，有事业心隧道工程进行了简要从view.The风险分析程序的安全性审查点进行了描述和风险评估的讨论了问题解决和定量目标安全水平proposed.Finally，降低风险的安全系统所示。
篇二：单片机5000字中英文对照翻译
1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments
SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion
flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).
1.在智能仪器仪表上的应用
单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等
优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备（功率计，示波器，各种分析仪）。
2. In the industrial control application
With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition
system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control
2.在工业控制中的应用
用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的
智能化控制
3. In Household Appliances
Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric
rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.
3.在家用电器中的应用
可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣
机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，
无所不在。
4. In the field of computer networks and communications applications
MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the
computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen
everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc..
4.在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用
现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为
在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。
5. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications
SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical
respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system.
5.单片机在医用设备领域中的应用
单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监
护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。
6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications
Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a
variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card).
In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace.
6.在各种大型电器中的模块化应用
某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能，从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用，而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。如音乐集成单片机，看似简单的功能，微缩在纯电子芯片中（有别于磁带机的原理），就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。如：音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中（类似于ROM），由微控制器读出，转化为模拟音乐电信号（类似于声卡）。
在大型电路中，这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积，简化了电路，降低了损坏、错误率，也方便于更换。
7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment
SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc..
In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.
Application of six important part of learning
7.单片机在汽车设备领域中的应用
单片机在汽车电子中的应用非常广泛，例如汽车中的发动机控制器，基于CAN总线的汽车发动机智能电子控制器，GPS导航系统，abs防抱死系统，制动系统等等。
此外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。
MCU learning an important part of the six applications
单片机学习应用的六大重要部分
1, Bus:
We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a problem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between
the , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor and devices in the connection between the individual, the number of lines will be a little more surprising, therefore the introduction of the microprocessor bus Chong Each device Gong tong access connections, all devices 8 Shuju line all received eight public online, that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel, but only this does not work, if there are two devices send data at the same time, a 0, a 1, then, whether the receiver received what is it? This situation is not allowed, so to be controlled by controlling the line, time-sharing the device to work at any time only one device to send data (which can have multiple devices to receive both). Device's data connection is known as the data bus, the device is called line of control all the control bus. Internal or external memory in the microcontroller and other devices have memory cells, the memory cell to be assigned addresses, you can use, distribution, of course, to address given in the form of electrical signals, and as more memory cells, so, for the address allocation The line is also more of these lines is called the address bus.
一、总线：
我们知道，一个电路总是由元器件通过电线连接而成的，在模拟电路中，连线并不成为一个问题，因为各器件间一般是串行关系，各器件之间的连线并不很多，但计算机电路却不一样，它是以微处理器为核心，各器件都要与微处理器相连，各器件之间的工作必须相互协调，所以需要的连线就很多了，如果仍如同模拟电路一样，在各微处理器和各器件间单独连线，则线的数量将多得惊人，所以在微处理机中引入了总线的概念，各个器件共同享用连线，所有器件的8根数据线全部接到8根公用的线上，即相当于各个器件并联起来，但仅这样还不行，如果有两个器件同时送出数据，一个为0，一个为1，那么，接收方接收到的究竟是什么呢？这种情况是不允许的，所以要通过控制线进行控制，使器件分时工作，任何时候只能有一个器件发送数据（可以有多个器件同时接收）。器件的数据线也就被称为数据总线，器件所有的控制线被称为控制总线。在单片机内部或者外
部存储器及其它器件中有存储单元，这些存储单元要被分配地址，才能使用，分配地址当然也是以电信号的形式给出的，由于存储单元比较多，所以，用于地址分配的线也较多，这些线被称为地址总线。
2, data, address, command:
The reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same - the number, or are a string of '0 'and '1' form the sequence. In other words, addresses, instructions are also data. Instruction: from single chip designer provides a number of commonly used instructions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer cannot be changed by the MCU. Address: the search for MCU internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the address of the internal unit value provided by the chip designer is good, cannot be changed, the external unit can be single chip developers to decide, but there are a number of address units is a must (see procedures for the implementation of the process).
二、数据、地址、指令：
之所以将这三者放在一起，是因为这三者的本质都是一样的——数字，或者说都是一串‘0’和‘1’组成的序列。换言之，地址、指令也都是数据。指令：由单片机芯片的设计者规定的一种数字，它与我们常用的指令助记符有着严格的一一对应关系，不可以由单片机的开发者更改。地址：是寻找单片机内部、外部的存储单元、输入输出口的依据，内部单元的地址值已由芯片设计者规定好，不可更改，外部的单元可以由单片机开发者自行决定，但有一些地址单元是一定要有的（详见程序的执行过程）。
3, P0 port, P2 and P3 of the second function I use:
Beginners often on the P0 port, P2 and P3 port I use the second function puzzled that the second function and have a switch between the original function of the process, or have a directive, in fact, the port the second feature is automatic, do not need instructions to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7 respectively WR, RD signal, when the microchip processing machines external RAM or external I/O port, they are used as a second function, not as a general-purpose I/O port used, so long as a microprocessor implementation of the MOVX instruction, there will be a
篇三：隧道施工外文文献及翻译
附录二外文参考文献及翻译
NATM tunnel design principle in the construction of major and
Construction Technology
W.Broere
I.The NATM Design Principle
1.Tunnel design and construction of two major theoretical and development process
Since the 20th century, human space on the ground floor of the growing demand, thus the underground works of the study of a rapid development. In a large number of underground engineering practice, it is generally recognized that the tunnel and underground cavern project, the core of the problem, all up in the excavation and retaining two key processes. How excavation, it will be more conducive to the stability and cavern facilitate support : For more support, Supporting how they can more effectively ensure stability and facilitate the cavern excavation. This is the tunnels and underground works two promote each other and check each other's problems.
Tunnels and underground caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems.
A theory of the 20th century the 1920s the traditional "load relaxation theory." Its core content is : a stable rock self-stability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need shoring structure to be supported. Thus, the role of the supporting structure of the rock load is within a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representative is Taishaji and Principe's and others. It works similar to the surface issues of the thinking is still widely used to.
Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or "rock for the theory." Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their own
self-stability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, Miller-Feiqieer, Fenner - Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more modern theory, it is already out of the ground works to consider the ideas, and underground works closer to reality, the past 50 years has been widely accepted and applied. demonstrated broad development prospects.
Can be seen from the above, the former theory more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more attention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full utilization of capacity. Given this distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the representation method.
2. NATM
NATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said it convergence bound or some countries alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles.
NATM concept of filibustering Xiweici Austria scholars in the 20th century, Professor age of 50. It was based on the experience of both the tunnel and rock mechanics theory, will bolt and shotcrete combination as a major means of supporting a construction method, Austria, Sweden, Italy and other countries, many practical and theoretical study in the 1960s and patented officially named. Following this approach in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States and Japan and many other underground works with a very rapid development, have become modern tunnels new technologies landmark. Nearly 40 years ago, the railway sector through research, design, construction combining, in many construction of the tunnel, according to their own characteristics successfully applied a new Austrian law, made more experience, have accumulated large amounts of data, This is the application stage. However, in the road sector NATM of only 50%. Currently, the New Austrian Tunneling Method almost become weak and broken rock section of a tunnel construction method, technical and economic benefits are clear. NATM the basic points can be summarized as follows :
（1）. Rock tunnel structure is the main loading unit, the construction must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. To
this end, the construction of sub-section should not block too much, excavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling.
（2）. In order to give full play to rock the carrying capacity should be allowed to control and rock deformation. While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring; The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During construction should be used with rock close to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supporting structural strength, Stiffness and its participation in the work of the time (including the closure of time) to control the deformation of the rock mass.
（3）. In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to become a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the stress concentration.
（4）. Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the day-to-day.
（5）. To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling caused by the follow-up to load, use composite lining.
（6）. Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security.
NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : "less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight."
3．With a spring to understand the principle NATM
（1）. Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with stress (stress self-respect and tectonic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K, P0 under compression in a state of equilibrium.
（2）. Cavern excavation, A point in attacking lose face constraints, the original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough, After less stress adjustments may cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geological conditions of the
poor, that is, after the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to support power PE, in order to prevent landslides instability. Equivalent to the Spring of deformation u, in the role of PE is now in the midst of a state of equilibrium.
（3）. By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium; Spring in the event of deformation u, PE in the role they will be in equilibrium, assuming spring elasticity of K, were : P0=PE+Ku
Discussion :
(1) When u = 0, that is not allowed P0=PE rock deformation, is a rigid support, not economic;
(2) when u ↑, PE ↓; When u ↓, PE ↑. That is, rock deformation occurred, the release of some of the load (unloading), we should allow some extent rock deformation, to give full play to rock the capacity for self. Is an economic support measures, the rock self-stability P=P0-PE=Ku;
(3) When u=umax, landslides, have relaxation load and unsafe.
4. Points
（1）. Rock cavern excavation is affected by that part of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials.
（2）. Tunnel construction is in the rock stress is of special architectural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground.
（3）. Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system.
II. The new Austrian highway construction in the basic method
NATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure receipts and excavation of the geological observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordance with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences, Supporting the initial parameters for reasonable adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the project and supporting structure of the economy and so on. The author of commitments (Chengde) Chek (Chifeng) East Maojingba Tunnel NATM basic construction method for investigation concluded, synthesis of a new
highway tunnel Natm the selection of different types and the basic characteristics of the construction methods and tips.
1.A tunnel construction method of choice tunnel construction method of choice, mainly based on the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise of safety and engineering quality at the core, and with the use of the tunnel function, the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, time requirements and economic feasibility of factors to consider in selection.
When choosing the method for tunnel construction on the surrounding environment negatively affected, should also be a tunnel, the environmental conditions as the method to choose one of the factors, taking into rock changes the method and the applicability of the possibility of change. Tunnel project to avoid mistakes and unnecessary increase investment in public works. NATM new construction, we should also consider the entire process of construction of auxiliary operations and changes in the surrounding rock to measure control methods and the tunnel through special geological lots of construction means for a reasonable choice.
2. New Austrian Tunneling Method program New Austrian Tunneling Method used all methods can be divided into sections, Division level and the three major types of excavation method and some changes in the program.
(1) Full-face method. That whole section excavation method is based on the design of an excavation face excavation molding. Excavation order is its full face excavation, steel bracing, pouring concrete lining. Often choose to IV-VI Class Rock Hard Rock Tunnel, which can be used blasting deep hole.
Excavation whole section of the law is a larger space operations, introducing supporting large mechanized operations, improving the speed and process small, less interference and facilitate the construction organization and management. Excavation is due to shortcomings in the larger, lower relative stability of rock, and with each cycle of the relatively large workload, it requires the construction units should have a strong excavation, transport and slag out and support capability, Maojingba VI : Class V rock used in the full-face excavation to achieve the desired results.
免费论文网友情提示：本网站所有内容为共享上传提供，不涉及任何商业利益，本站对此不承担任何保证责任！
Copyright © www.csmayi.cn Corporation, All Rights Reserved 共享时代 共享你我他 版权所有