篇一：教科版2015秋九年级思想品德1～3单元试题(阅读卷、答题卷)
教科版2015年秋
九年级思想品德1～3单元试题（阅读卷）
一、单项选择题（以下各小题只有一个最符合题意的答案，请将其选出填在答题卷相应的表格内。每小题2分，共30分）
1．央视的《中国汉字听写大会》首播后就登顶微博热门话题榜，随即全国兴起了“国学热”这是因为：
A．汉字是世界上最优美的文字 B．中华文化博大精深
C．只有传统文化才值得学习D．中华文化是世界上最有魅力的文化
2．国家主席习近平提出要实现中华民族伟大复兴的“中国梦”，必须走“中国道路”。这里的“中国道路”是指
A．自我革新道路 B．改革开放道路
C．中华民族复兴道路 D．中国特色社会主义道路
3．以爱国主义为核心的中华民族精神的内容包括
①团结统一 ②爱好和平 ③勤劳勇敢 ④自强不息
A．①②③ B．②③ C．①②③④D．①②④
4．在社会主义初级阶段，我国社会的主要矛盾是
A．发展经济与保护环境之间的矛盾
B．人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾
C．物质文明与精神文明建设之间的矛盾 D．改革开放与闭关自守的矛盾 5．毛泽东在《沁园春?雪》中写到“惜秦皇汉武，略输文采；唐宗宋祖，稍逊风骚。一代天骄，成吉思汗，只识弯弓射大雕。俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。”这表达了诗人
①坚定的自信和伟大的抱负 ②对中国封建皇帝的崇拜 ③对中国封建帝王的评判 ④对中国革命必胜的信心
A.①②B.①④
C.③④D.②③
6．党的十七大以来，我国社会生产力和综合国力显著提高，人民生活水平和社会保障水平显著提高，国际地位和国际影响力显著提高。国内生产总值从26.6万亿元增加到51.9万亿元，跃升到世界第二位。由此，对我国国情可以这样认为
①我国已进入高收入国家行列②我国现在仍处于社会主义初级阶段 ③我国仍是世界最大发展中国家 ④我国社会的主要矛盾已得到根本解决
A.①②③④B.①②③
C.②③④ D.②③
7．滨州市某社区为庆祝党的十八大胜利召开，开展了“品对联，颂党恩”的主题活动。活动中有这样一幅对联：“一家富了不算富，众人富了才幸福。 ”你认为最适合这幅对联的横联是
A.可持续发展 B.依法治国
C.共同富裕 D.改革开放
8.“你有情，我有情，依法诚信纳税献真情；你出力，我出力，促进民生发
展齐努力；你受益，我受益，共享和谐社会最美丽。”可见
①自古税收都是取之于民、用之于民 ②依法诚信纳税，共建和谐社会 ③税收连着你我他，诚信纳税靠大家 ④税收促进发展，发展改善民生
A．①②③ B．②③④
C．①③④ D．①②④
9．2013年5月15日是第23个“助残日”，四川省巴中市政府携社会各界在市特殊儿童学校为残疾儿童进行捐赠活动。下列表述正确的是
①关注弱势群体是政府的职责，也是全社会的职责
②关爱弱势群体是党和政府关注民生、构建和谐美丽巴中的重要举措 ③扶弱济困、乐善好施是我们中华民族的优良传统
④关爱弱势群体是党和政府“民生“工程的重要内容
A. ①②③ B. ①②④
C. ①③④ D. ①②③④
10．关于富而思源、富而思进，下列理解正确的是（ ）
①富而思源就是先富起来的人们要用实际行动回报社会；
②富而思源的反面就是富而忘本；
③富而思进是指富了以后，要与时俱进，不断超越自我；
④富而思源的反面是不思进取。
A．①②③ B．②③④
C．①②④ D．①③④
11．2014年3月5日，李克强总理在《政府工作报告》中指出：要推进教育发展和改革。启动教育扶贫工程，实施农村义务教育薄弱学校改造计划，学生营养改善计划惠及3200万孩子。对集中连片特困地区乡村教师发放生活补助，贫困地区农村学生上重点高校人数比上年增长8.5%。这些措施的依据是
①教育公平是社会公平的重要基础 ②这些措施能彻底解决我国的教育问题 ③教育改革能充分调动教育发展的积极因素
④通过教育可以使每个公民获得平等发展机会
A．①③ B．②④
C．①②③ D．①③④
12．四川大学重视与所在成都市的合作，扮演该市“人才引擎”和“创新高地”的角色，为该市的科技成果转化提供了取之不竭的原始动力,取得了良好的经济效益。这表明
A．加强大学与政府合作就能促进生产力发展
B．科技进步推动了传统工农业生产的现代化
C．依靠科技，促进生产力发展可以创造财富
D．我国科技发展水平在国际上处于最高地位
13．在我国，弱势群体的主体有
①农村贫困人口②城市下岗失业人员③残疾人 ④遭遇灾祸的人
A．①②③B．①② C．①②④D．①②③④
14．现在越来越多的城市对外来务工人员的子女实现了就学的零门槛，表明我国政府
①努力促进社会的公平与正义 ②关注弱势群体的人格尊严 ③尊重弱势群体
的受教育权利 ④采取措施促进教育公平
A．①②③B．②③④C．①②④D．①③④
15．“不要把浪费当成潇洒，你挥霍的是一种修养；不要把节俭看成尴尬，你培养的是一种美德。”这一名言对我们今天树立正确的荣辱观的启示是
A．艰苦奋斗，厉行节俭 B．遵纪守法，反对违法乱纪
C．诚实守信，反对见利忘义 D．辛勤劳动，远离好逸恶劳
二、非选择题(按要求回答问题,写在答题卷上,共4题,共30分)
16．（6分）社会主义使一个充满着文盲和被称为“东亚病夫”的旧中国变成了教育、科学、卫生、体育等各项事业蓬勃发展并取得巨大成果的新中国；使一个有国无防、屡受外国侵略的旧中国变成拥有强大国防力量、有充分安全保障的新中国；使一个没有独立外交和国际地位的旧中国变成能够完全奉行独立自主和平外交政策并在国际上享有崇高威望的新中国。
（1）从上述材料中，你能得出什么结论？（3分）
（2）请再举两例说明你的结论。（3分）
17．（7分）必须更加注重改革的系统性、整体性、协同性，加快发展社会主义市场经济、民主政治、先进文化、和谐社会、生态文明，让一切劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本的活力竞相迸发，让一切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流，让发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。
——摘自《中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第三次全体会议公报》
（1）创造财富的源泉有哪些？（3分）
（2）怎样才能让一切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流，让发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民？（4分）
18．（6分）2013 年1 月16 日, 中国国土资源报副社长在腾讯微博上发起了光盘行动, 即“吃光你盘子里的东西”。“舌尖” 上的行动引起了新一轮关于勤俭节约的讨论。有人认为: “经济发展百姓富裕, 勤俭节约已过时”; 也有人认为: “要向浪费说不, 争做节约达人。” 请你运用思想品德教材九年级第六课《财富中的法与德》中的相关知识评析以上观点。（6分）
19．（11分）材料一：下图为我国恩格尔系数变化情况
注：恩格尔系数是指购买食物的支出在消费总支出中的比例，其数值越小，说明生活越富裕；数值越大，则说明生活水平越低。恩格尔系数在59%以上为贫困，50-59%为温饱，40-50%为小康，30-40%为富裕，低于30%为最富裕。
材料二：2014年3月14日，国务院总理李克强会见中外记者并答记者问时指出，社会关注的热点问题，尤其是民生问题，应该是政府工作的重点，今年要着重继续做三件事，就是保基本、兜底线、促公平。
注：2011年扶贫工作会议提升了扶贫标准，这意味着有更多低收入人群被纳入国家扶贫与救助的范围。我国扶贫开发已经从以解决温饱问题为主要任务的阶段转入巩固温饱成果、加快脱贫致富、改善生态环境、提高发展能力、缩小发展差距的新阶段。
阅读材料，回答下列问题：
(1)从图中可以看出我国现阶段人民生活达到怎样的水平？有何特点？（3分）
(2)党和政府提出在21世纪头20年的奋斗目标是什么？（2分）
（3）根据材料三，分析我国扶贫标准不断提升有什么现实意义。（3分）
(4)请你列举三个近年来我国改善民生、促进社会公平所采取的措施。（3分）
2015年秋
九年级思想品德1～3单元试题
答题卷
学校：＿＿＿＿班级：＿＿＿姓名：＿＿＿考号：＿＿＿得分：＿＿＿
一、单项选择题（以下各小题只有一个最符合题意的答案，请将其选填在
16．（1）从上述材料中，你能得出什么结论？（3分）
答：
（2）请再举两例说明你的结论。（3分）
答：
17．（1）创造财富的源泉有哪些？（3分）
答：
（2）怎样才能让一切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流，让发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民？（4分）
答：
18．请你运用思想品德教材九年级第六课《财富中的法与德》中的相关知识评析以上观点。（6分）
答：
篇二：2015年一模阅读理解(回答问题)
D. Answer the questions (根据短文内容回答下列问题) (12分)
Smog is a big problem in many Chinese cities. But it seems that besides wearing a mask (口罩), few of us know what has caused the smog and what to do to beat it. Chai Jing, former news anchor with Chinese Central Television, discussed the questions in her documentary Under the Dome (穹顶之下).
The 103-minute film was released on major Chinese video-sharing websites on Feb 28. In the film, Chai visits polluted places and talks to officials and scientists. She concludes that burning too much coal and oil are the main causes of PM2.5 and smog.
To make things worse, according to Chai, the coal and oil we are burning is of poor quality and doesn’t meet the standards (标准) for environmental protection. Therefore Chai says more harmful gas and particles (颗粒) have been produced to pollute the air. To solve the problem, Chai suggests that we should clean our coal and oil or replace(代替) them with cleaner energy such as natural gas.
In her film, Chai also suggested that we should do something to help control smog too. For example, she says we can live a greener life by using more public transportation. Or if we see
things that harm the environment, we will try to stop it. In one scene from the film, Chai saw a dirt mound in a building site exposed in the air, she asked the person in charge to cover it. When she saw a restaurant cooking without any suitable filter facilities (过滤设备), she called the hotline 12369. The restaurant installed the filter a week later.
Chen Jining, the new minister of environmental protection, praised Chai. “This film
encourages ordinary people to care for the environment. This is what we need in the future.”88. Many people in China know the causes of smog, don’t they?
89. How long does the film Under the Dome last ?
90. What are the main causes of PM2.5 and smog?
91. Why does Chai say more harmful gas and particles have been produced to pollute the air ?
92. What energy can replace coal and oil to reduce air pollution?
93. What do you think of Chai’s film? How should we control smog as an ordinary person? (at least two suggestions)
松江区
D. Answer the questions. (根据短文内容回答下列问题) (12分) There is a murder to solve There is a "murderer" among us. You may wonder what is happening. Let me tell you! If you get on the Murder Mystery Lunch train from London's Victoria Station, you will surely meet such an "experience". Passengers take part in a detective game and find the "murderer" on their way to Kent. Before the passengers get on the train, a gentleman named Gray will greet them in front of the train. He is dressed in grey with a cat in his arms. He will be the first actor to meet the passengers. He will have a chat with people and drop some clues.
As soon as the train leaves Victoria Station, a woman will run into the carriage (车厢) and cry, "1 have been stabbed (刺伤)!" Then a young man called Matt will rush into the carriage and shout, " There's been a 'murder'. Don't be frightened!" Then passengers will have time to question the characters, including a detective, a newspaper reporter and a policeman about what's going on. After the meal, all the passengers will sit together and raise their own ideas of the
"murder". Those who are able to solve the case can get a bottle of champagne (香槟) as reward(奖励).
One ticket of the Murder Mystery Lunch train costs about ￡310, including a five-course lunch with champagne and wine. It doesn't sound too expensive. But the question is that it is difficult to book a ticket because the train is too popular nowadays. After all, many people have a detective dream, don't they?
88. The Murder Mystery Lunch train leaves London's Victoria Station, doesn't it?
89. Who will the passengers meet first after they get on the train?
90. How will the passengers deal with the "murder" case after the meal?
91. What will be the reward for those who are able to solve the "murder" case?
92. How much does one ticket of the Murder Mystery Lunch train cost?
93. What do you think of the train travel experience? Why do you think so?
长宁区 D. Answer the questions (根据短文内容回答下列问题) (12分，第88题1分，第89-92题每题2分，第93题3分)
An old carpenter was ready to retire. He told his employer (雇主) of his plans to leave the house building business and live a more relaxing life with his wife and children. He would miss the paycheck, but he needed to retire. They thought they could support themselves for the rest of their life.
The employer was sorry to see his good worker go and asked if he could build just one more house. The carpenter said yes, but in time it was easy to see that his heart was not in his work. He turned to bad workmanship and used poor building materials.
It was an unlucky way to end his working life. When the carpenter finished his work and the employer came to see the house, he handed the front door key to the carpenter. "This is your house," he said, "my gift to you."
What a shock! What a shame! If he had only known he was building his own house, he would have done it all so differently. Now he had to live in the home he had built none too well.
So it is with us. We build our lives in a distracted (不专注的) way, willing to put up less than the best. At important points we do not give the job our best effort. Then with a shock we look at the situation we have created and find that we are now living in the house we have built. If we had realized that, we would have done it differently.
It is the only life you will ever build. Even if you live it for only one day more, that day deserves to be lived with dignity (尊严).
The sentence on the wall reads, "Life is a do-it-yourself project." Who could say it more clearly? Your life today is the result of your attitudes and choices in the past. Your life tomorrow will be the result of your attitudes and choices you make today.
88. The old carpenter lived quite a rich life with his wife and children, didn't he?
89. Why did the old carpenter want to retire?
90. What did the old carpenter's employer ask him to do before he retired?
91. How did the carpenter do the job his employer asked him to do?
92. How did the carpenter feel when he realized that the last house he built
was his home?
93. What does the sentence on the wall mean?
闸北区
D．Answer the questions (根据短文内容回答下列问题) （12分）
The Spirit of Christmas
Many would agree that when we think of Christmas, we probably think of gifts, Christmas trees and Santa Claus. But behind all these things lies the true meaning of Christmas: the importance of sharing and giving love and joy to people around us. The story in A Christmas Carol is perhaps the best example of this.
A Christmas Carol is a famous novel written by Charles Dickens. It is about an old man
named Scrooge who never laughs or smiles. He is mean. He only thinks about himself, and never treats others nicely. He just cares about whether he can make more money and he hates Christmas. One Christmas Eve, Scrooge sees the ghost of Jacob Marley, his dead business partner. Marley used to be just like Scrooge, so he is punished(惩罚) after he dies. He warns Scrooge to change his ways if he doesn?t want to end up like him. He also tells Scrooge to expect three spirits to visit him.
That night, three ghosts visit Scrooge. First, the Ghost of Christmas Past takes him back to his childhood and reminds Scrooge of his happier days as a child. Then the second spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Present, takes him to see how others are spending Christmas this year. Everyone is happy, even poor people. The last one, the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, takes him to the future. Scrooge sees that he is dead but nobody cares. He is so frightened that he wakes up in his bed and finds out it is already the next morning----Christmas Day!
He decides to change his life and promises to be a better person. He happily celebrates Christmas with his relatives. He also gives gifts to people in need. He now treats everyone with kindness and warmth, spreading love and joy everywhere he goes. And that is the true spirit of Christmas!
88. Who wrote the famous short novel A Christmas Carol?
89. What is the true meaning of Christmas?
90. Why is Jacob Marley punished after he dies?
91. Which ghost takes him to see the happiness of the poor during Christmas this year?
92. Scrooge has a terrible dream before he wakes up on the morning of Christmas Day, doesn?t he?
93. What probably makes Scrooge change his life?
徐汇区
D Answer the questions（根据短文内容回答下列问题）
I?d always dreamed of visiting Africa, ever since I read my first Tarzan（人猿泰山）comic as a child. Finally, in 2004, to celebrate my 60th birthday, I went to Tanzania to experience a safari（东非游猎） and climb Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. Seated next to me on the flight was Tanzania?s Minister of Water and Wildlife Development. We talked for thousands of miles, and he arranged me to visit a school. When I arrived at the school, I was shocked. The dirt floors turned into mud during the rainy season, and the
walls couldn?t keep out the heat, cold or bugs(小昆虫). The school was in need of all material goods.
It broke my heart that these children had to try hard to survive, so I asked the headmaster what it would cost to feed them. As little as 20 cents per child per day, he told me.
Immediately I got him, I founded（成立）Kids of Kilimanjaro. Since then we?ve grown to provide hot lunches for nearly 13,000 school children in Tanzania every day. The free lunch program has solved an essential problem the children face.
I know a good education could really make a difference in these children?s lives. My
parents always told me the importance of education. I paid my own way through college in Tokyo by teaching English to students and business people. After attending university I moved to San Francisco, when I was 25 years old. In 1978 I realized my American dream when I founded my own company. My success all started with a good education.
It?s amazing that something as simple as a hot lunch can change so many lives. Giving young people a better, healthier life can encourage them to go all the way through college and lead a change in thier country.
88. How old was the writer when he went to Tanzania for the first time?
89. What made the writer shocked, the poor condition of the school or the poor children?
90. How much would it cost to feed one child a day?
91. How does kids of Kilimanjaro help the school children in Tanzania?
92. Why did the eriter found kids of Kilimanjaro to help the children in Tanzania?
93. What may probably the writer?s purpose of writing this passage?
He_______________________________________________________
普陀区
D. Answer the questions. (12?)
Hi Geoff,
Don?t be shocked about what I?m going to tell you. Last week, I became a parent! Calm down, Geoff. This was only a project we did at school, but let me explain.
Every week, our teacher gives us a new topic to discuss in class. Last Monday, however,
篇三：《中国政府与政治》单元自测题目(一)参考答案
《中国政府与政治》单元自测题一
一、单选题。
1.《代议制政府》的作者是英国自由主义理论家（ D ）
A.卢梭
B.孟德斯鸠
C.洛克
D.密尔
2.“人是天生的政治动物”，这是（ A ）的名言。
A.亚里士多德
B.孟德斯鸠
C.霍布斯
D.休谟
3.马克思主义认为，政治的核心问题是（ B ）。
A.政府职能问题
B.国家权力问题
C.政府选举问题
D.政党政治问题
4.提出“政治学是研究受权力分配和运用的影响下的价值物的权威性分配”的学者是（ C
A.马克斯·韦伯
B.威廉·布卢姆
C.戴维·伊斯顿
D.罗伯特·达尔
5.（ B ）提出“社会主义现代化建设是我国当前最大的政治”。
A.毛泽东
B.邓小平
C.江泽民
D.胡锦涛
6.政府组织具有（ ABCD ）共同特征。
A.权威的广泛性
B.成员的非自愿性
C.暴力的垄断性
D.权力的合法性
7.在人类社会的历史长河中，有阶级的社会有（ ABCD）阶段。
A.奴隶社会
B.封建社会
C.资本主义社会
D.社会主义社会
8.新中国的第一部宪法制定于（ A ）年。
A.1954
B.1975
C.1978
D.1982
9.人民主权原则是18世纪法国思想家（ C ）提出来的。
A.孟德斯鸠）
B.戴伊
C.卢梭
D.马基雅维利
10.与西方国家以分权制衡原则作为国家组织及其活动的方式不同，我国的国家组织及其活动方式是（ C ）
A.集体领导与个人分工负责相结合
B.人民主权
C.民主集中制
D.行政首长负责制
11.我国到目前为止出现过（ ABCD ）部宪法。
A.“五四宪法”
B.“七五宪法”
C.“七八宪法”
D.“八二宪法”
12.宪法的一般性质是（ ABCD）。
A.规范性
B.自愿性
C.强制性
D.科学性
13.宪法具有（ ABC ）自己的特殊性质。
A.至上性和根本性
B.原则性和全面性
C.民主性
D.规范性和强制性
14.我国宪法的原则可以归纳为（ ABCD ）。
A.人民主权原则
B.基本人权原则
C.法制原则
D.民主集中制原则
15.中国宪法的特点是（ ABCD ）.
A.坚持四项基本原则
B.坚持以经济建设为中心
C.坚持改革开放
D.坚持精神文明建设
二、判断题
1.中国现行宪法是由序言、总纲、公民的基本权利和义务、国家机构以及国旗、国歌、国徽和首都等五个部分。（ √ ）
2.人权思想起源于17世纪英国思想家洛克的自然权利学说和18世纪德国思想家韦伯的天赋人权说。（ × ）
3.从政治角度进行分析，宪法最直接的首要功能就是确认革命胜利成果，巩固国家政权。（ √ ）
三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）
1、马克思主义政治观应该从哪几个方面进行把握？
答:马克思主义政治观可以从下面四个方面去把握:
第一、政治与国家的关系。
马克思认为政治的核心问题是国家权力问题。国家是阶级斗争不可调和的产物。在阶级社会里，政治的根本问题是夺取国家权力和巩固国家权力。
第二、政治与阶级的关系
在阶级社会，政治的主题是阶级或阶层，政治是阶级、阶层和社会集团为谋求自身的利益而展开的社会集团之间的斗争。
第三、政治与经济的关系
政治的基础是经济，政治是经济的集中表现。
第四、政治与管理的关系
在阶级社会，政治与管理有着密切的关系。就政治的内容而言，可以说政治就是管理。在阶级社会，正值具有管理的内容和特点。
2、什么是政治？它包括哪些内涵？
政治指的是人们在特定的经济基础上,通过夺取或者运用公共权力而实现和维护特定阶级和社会利益要求,处理和协调各种社会利益要求的社会关系.
（2）对于政治的这一定义,可以从三个方面来理解：
（a）它强调政治是一种社会关系,并且指明这种社会关系在本质上是一定经济基础形成的利益关系；
（b）它强调一切借助于社会公共权力来维护、实现和协调的社会利益要求和社会关系,才具有政治性,这就区分了政治现象与非政治现象；
（c）它从经济关系基础上形成的利益关系这一社会联系的本质出发,揭示政治的含义,这就在人们的基本需求的意义上保证了政治定义的深刻性.
3、宪法从不同角度考察和分析，具有哪些功能？
答：由于宪法的产生是以阶级斗争为先导的，而宪法的内容又以民主政治为其核心，所以，在研究宪法功能的时候，就必须从各个不同的角度进行考察和分析。 首先，从政治角度进行分析，宪法最直接的首要功能就是确认革命胜利成果，巩固国家政权。
其次，从上层建筑对经济基础的反作用角度进行分析，宪法的功能表现在维护经
济基础，促进经济发展上。宪法作为社会上层建筑的重要组成部分，其性质由自己赖以建立的经济基础所决定。
第三，从法制的角度进行分析，宪法的功能表现在健全法律制度，推动法制建设上。这主要体现在以下三个方面：宪法为普通法律的制定提供了立法依据和立法原则；宪法为国家整个法律体系的形成和维护国家法制折统一和尊严奠定了基础；宪法为促进法律的实施，切实实行法治提供了保障。
第四，从保障人权的角度进行分析，宪法的功能表现在保障并维护公民的基本权利上。
第五，从思想文化的角度进行分析，宪法还具有确认文化制度，促进精神文明发展的功能。任何社会的文明成果都包括物质、政治和精神三个方面，这是不以人的意志为转移的客观规律。
4、宪法赋予公民有哪些基本权利？
答；现行宪法赋予公民的权利非常广泛，概括说来，主要有下列几种：
（1）平等权 。现行宪法规定：“中华人民共和国公民在法律面前人人平等。”这是对平等权的最权威、最集中的表述。
（2）政治民主和自由权 。政治民主和自由权是宪法和法律规定的公民参加国家政治生活的权利以及在政治上享有表达个人见解和意愿的自由权利。主要有选举权和被选举权、自由权
（3）宗教信仰自由权 。
（4）人身自由权
（5）受益权
（6）特定公民的权利和自由（特定公民主要指妇女、儿童、华侨等）
四、论述题（每题12分，共24分）
1、非国家机构的政府与国家机构的政府相比，有哪些区别？
答：国家行政机关是一个国家的统治阶级运用国家权力，组织和管理国家行政事务的机关。国家行政机关又称国家管理机关，简称政府。
非国家机构与国家机构的政府区别：
（1）非国家机构的政府行使的是社会公共权力，而国家政府的机构行使的是特殊公共权力，这种特殊性表现在公共权力是为特定的阶级或阶层服务的，首先要
满足这些阶级或阶层的需要。
（2）是暴力机关的设置和使用，如军队、警察、监狱等，这是国家机构的政府的突出特点，也是非国家机构的政府所不具备的重要机关。
（3）在政府的本质特性上也有区别，非国家机构的政府多表现的是社会性、公共性，是为全社会服务的；而国家机构的政府更多表现的是阶级性，社会性、公共性也具备，但这是次要的，不是主要的，它在为统治阶级服务的同时，兼顾社会公共利益。
（4）在政府的合法性上两者的基础也是不同的，前者的合法性是传统、氏族、功绩；后者的合法性基础也有传统、功绩，但更重要的是选举，市民意的表达，这是前者所没有的。选举领导人和民意的表达，特别是普通的选举和竞选，这是近代以来政党政治的产物，非国家机构的政府不可能做到这样。
2、比较中外宪法的异同。
答：
第一，宪法作为国家法律的一种，它和其它法律具有共同性，都是统治阶级意志的表现，都是在特定的社会物质生活条件基础上产生的，都是由国家运用强制力量保证其实施的。
与宪法结构、宪法原则一样，中外宪法也有许多相同或相地方，在宪法产生的历时性方面，中外宪法没有什么两样。有了国家才有法律，但是宪法却是在资产阶级革命胜利之后才出现的。宪法的产生迟于一般的法律，这是宪法产生的历史特点。在宪法规范方面，中外宪法都具有下列特点：
（1）原则性和概括性。宪法规定国家的基本制度和根本任务。宪法规范必须具有抽象的原则性和高度的概括性。
（2）高度适应性和相对稳定性。由于宪法只作原则性和概括性的规定，它能够适应宪法颁布并实施之后所引起的社会、政治、经济、文化等方面的变化，只有这种变化不是根本性的，不是质的改变，宪法应该具有适应量变的能力，在一个时期内不需要作出频繁的修改，与高度的适应性相联系，宪法具有相对的稳定性。
（3）最高权威性和无具体惩罚性。宪法规范高于任何其他的法律规范，它是其他法律规范得以产生和发生效力的依据，其他法律规范都不得与之相抵触。和这种最高权威性相伴随的是宪法规范的无具体惩罚性。
以上是世界各国宪法的共性和共同特征。
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