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施压的意思

来源:免费论文网 | 时间:2018-11-08 13:45 | 移动端:施压的意思

篇一:沟通与协调能力考试题

2014年公需科目《科学研究与沟通协调能力提升》模拟考试题 考生姓名:何欢 考试科目:2014年公需科目《科学研究与沟通协调能力提升》 开考时间:2014/5/13 10:15:24 考试时间:

90分钟

一、判断题(每题1分)

1.不说话也可以进行沟通。

正确

错误

2.让步是一种协调。

正确

错误

3.根据沟通协调概述,协调就是一打百通。

正确

错误

4.对专业技术人员来说,科研论文是资格认定和职称评审的主要依据之一。

正确

错误

5.协调更多的时候都表现为内部关系和利益的整合。 正确

错误

6.统计推论目的是对整理出的数据进行加工概括,从多种角度显现大量资料所包含的数量特征和数量关系。

正确

错误

7.方法,就是人们做事过程中一连串思维的关联方式。一种方

法就是对这种关联方式特殊性方面的一个概括。

正确

错误

8.研究方法是人们在从事科学研究过程中不断总结、提炼出来的。

正确

错误

9.和谐团队的三项基本标准,即没哭的、没闹的、没有找领导打报告的。

正确

错误

10.检索后,利用分析工具精确查找智能通过网页左侧的精练检索结果。

正确

错误

11.SCI的文章不能以新闻的形式出现。

正确

错误

12.沟通是管理的本质。

正确

错误

13.德温特世界专利索引数据库,访问全球专利文献。覆盖超过5,000万条专利记录,覆盖超过2,300万个专利同族。 正确

错误

14.美国谷歌公司自2004年开始对图书进行大规模数字化,在没有获得授权的情况下,将全球尚存有著作权的近千万种图书收入其数字图书馆,这属于侵权。

正确

错误

15.英国学术监督主要依靠学者自律,对不端行为的处理有一套比较完备的规则。

正确

错误

16.1993年通过的《中华人民共和国科学进步法》,对于学术道德建设做出了法律表述。其中很多条款直接涉及学术诚信建设和规制学术不端行为。

正确

错误

17.学术诚信是人类一般道德规范在学术活动中的具体体现,它与学术事业的内在特征有关,并随着学术本身的发展和学术与社会关系的变迁而不断充实和丰富。

正确

错误

18.《对科学基金资助工作中不端行为的处理办法(试行)》中将学术不端行为定义为提供职称、简历以及研究基础等虚假信息,抄袭、剽窃他人科研成果,捏造或篡改科研数据等六大类。 正确

错误

19.发表研究成果是科研过程中不可或缺的重要环节。 正确

错误

20.剽窃是指盗用他人的想法、程序、结果或语言而没有给出来

源,其中包括盗用通过秘密评审他人的研究建议和论文而获得的信息。

正确

错误

二、单项选择(每题1.5分)

21.沟通主要包括( )。

A、心灵的对接

B、思想的交汇

C、情感的融合

D、以上选项都有

22.根据沟通协调概述,认为协调是( )。

A、有进有退

B、进退有度

C、进退自如

D、以上都对

23.“人生成功的秘诀,在于你能驾驭周围的群众。”是( )名言。

A、里根

B、培根

C、松下幸之助

D、洛克菲勒

24.沟通与协调两者( )。

A、相互联系

B、相互促进

C、相辅相成

D、以上都对

25.以下不属于社会科学的是( )

A、政治学

B、经济学

C、医药学

D、法学

26.诺贝尔奖 (Nobel Prize) 创立于( )。

A、1901年

B、1905年

C、1910年

D、1912年

27.科研课题一般指以探索发现或应用开发为目标,以解决( )问题为目的。

A、理论知识

B、科学技术

C、思想认识

D、创新实践

28.下列属于国家级课题的是( )。

A、国家社科基金课题

B、国家自科基金课题

C、国家软科学研究计划

D、以上都对

29.( )是指通过协调处理好影响组织发展的各种外部关系,

篇二:词义辨析

credible a.可信的,可靠的。

That the student told the teacher a credible story that she missed classes because she was sick.那个学生跟老师讲了实情,她没来上课是因为她病了。

credulous a.轻信的,易于相信的。

She was credulous when she listened to the salesman and bought the car for too much money.她很容易轻信别人,竟然听信那个销售员的话以高价买了那辆车。

plausible a.似乎有理的(可信的)。常带有怀疑的意思。

Even though it is a plausible explanation, I am not completely convinced.虽然这个解释合理,但仍不可能使我完全相信。

accuse,charge,blame的区别和用法

accuse vt.①指责,指控②归咎于

经典例句He was accused of many marital infidelities, most famously with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. 词汇辨析accuse, charge, blame:

accuse 控告;控诉

charge 指控,指责,刑事指控

blame 指责,责怪

raise:举起,及物动词,后加宾语,如:he raises his hand.

rise:升起,不及物动词,如:the sun rises in the east.

arise:产生,起因于,不及物动词,如:accidents arise from carelessness. arouse:唤起,唤醒,及物动词,如:what he says arouses suspicion.

cheat,deceive,trick,fool

这些动词均含有“欺骗”之意。

cheat普通用词,指用蒙蔽他人的手段取得所需之物,尤多指在赢利的买卖中欺骗人。 deceive最普通用词,指用虚假外表使人信以为真,或蓄意歪曲事实,或造成错误印象使人上当受骗。

trick指用阴谋诡计等骗得信任或得到所需之物。

fool指把别人当傻瓜,愚弄欺骗别人。

Defraud骗取。本指编造谎话使人不明真相,而不表示狡猾、有手腕或诡计。例如:

You should not defraud your neighbor, neither rob him. 对你的邻居,你既不要欺骗,也不能强夺。

这6个词中的前2个主要是表示“碰撞”,但因为碰撞的结果往往是造成破坏,所以把他们一并跟剩下几个表示“破坏”的词放在一起分析。同理,本文着重分析他们的差异。

1、Collide表示任意程度上的物体“碰撞”,其特征为:两个物体朝面向对方的方向(相向)运动,然后短时间内进行表面接触,通常情况下会各自反弹回去(或者有少许的反弹)。因此任何程度上的碰撞都可以用它进行描述,不论其程度是猛烈还是平和。

2、Crash强调因猛烈的撞击而损毁。其特征为:速度快和有损毁,如汽车相撞,轮船触礁或撞上冰山,飞机坠毁(撞地)等都是用该词。

3、Crush强调因为外力作用而压碎/捣碎或武力镇压。其特征为:外力明显打过物体本身的承受力,无法与外力抗衡。如:Several people were crushed to death by the falling

rocks. 有几个人被落下来的岩石压死了。The rebellion was crushed by government forces。 叛乱被政府的军队给镇压了。

4、Smash强调硬脆物品在外力作用下(由完好的整体)变成碎片。也比喻为挫败敌人的阴谋或行动,其特征为:(具体或抽象的)破碎。相当于汉语中的“粉碎”。如摔碎盘子,敲碎玻璃窗,撞碎某东西等。

5、squash强调柔软或不坚固的物体在外力作用下被压变形/压坏。如压扁、压裂、压烂都使用该词。如:The cat got run over by the lorry and squashed. 那只猫被卡车辗死了;Soft fruit squashes easily. 软质水果容易压烂。

6、squeeze强调向内收缩或者通过外力把物体内部的水分/汁液挤出来,基本上对应于汉语中的“挤压”或“捏”或“拧”。如挤牙膏,挤海绵,捏泥人,拧干湿衣服都是用该词(生活中常见的榨汁机就是squeezer)。也比喻为“通过施压(如威胁/暴力等)从他人处获得某物”,这时相当于汉语中的“压榨”、“盘剥”。另外该词还可以表示从人群中挤过去,或者一堆人挤在一起(这个用法其实就是从物体转移到人)。

Ensure, Insure, Assure,这3个词在指“使....结果一定或者不可避免”时,三者可以互换。但是,Insure有时指在事情发生前采取必要的措施,Assure表示除去某人脑海中的疑问和焦虑, Secure是采取必要的行动以免受到攻击或者遭受损失。

Exhausting是现在分词,作形容词使用,义:“使竭尽的”、“使疲惫的”(to make empty or tire out)。与之经常搭配使用的词有day、job、task、experiment等。exhausted是过去分词,意为“空竭的”、“疲惫的”(fatigued or tired),用作表语形容词,放在连系动词之后。

Exhaustive是形容词,意为“完全的”、“彻底的”(thorough or complete),与之经常搭配的词有 work、inquiries、research、investigation、treatment 等

exhaustible可空竭的;可耗[抽,汲,用]尽的,用得尽的

glide; skid; slide; slip都含“滑动”的意思。

slide 指“始终接触一平滑表面而滑动”,

slip指“表面光滑没摩擦力, 不是持续接触而滑动”, 并可指“突然地、不由自主地滑动”, glide指“持续而平稳地在光滑表面上自由滑动, 但不一定在同一光滑表面上滑动”,

slide所表示的“滑动”含有这样几层意思:光滑的面接触,通常为加速运动。用于比喻时,表示不自主地陷入某种习惯

imaginary是虚构的,假想的

imaginative是富有想像力的,形容人的

damp,wet,dank,moist,humid

都含"潮湿的"意思。

damp指"轻度潮湿, 使人感觉不舒服的"。

wet指"含水分或其他液体的"、"湿的"。be wet to the skin浑身湿透。

dank指"阴湿的"。 a dark dank and chilly cave一个既黑暗又潮湿、又阴冷的洞。 moist指"微湿的"、"湿润的", 常含"不十分干, 此湿度是令人愉快的"意思。

Grasses were moist with dew.

草被露水润湿了。

humid为正式用语, 常表示"空气中湿度大的"。

In the east, the air is humid in summer.

在东方,夏季空气潮湿。

neglectful, negligent, negligible

neglectful通常暗示懒惰、漫不经心或故意疏忽

negligent含有疏忽、粗心大意,但未必有故意疏忽的意思

negligible“可以忽略的”、“微不足道的”

shake,tremble,shiver,quiver,vibrate,shudder

这些动词均含“震动,颤抖”之意。

shake最普通用词,含义广。指人或物不自主地颤动、摇摆,常侧重剧烈和无规律。 tremble指由于寒冷、虚弱、愤怒或恐惧等而发抖、战栗。

shiver指因寒冷或情绪突变而出现的短时间的轻微和快速的颤抖。

quiver多用于指事物。指物体像乐器的弦一般地轻微而急速地颤动。

vibrate指急速地连续震动,也指钟摆等的来回摆动。

shudder着重指由于恐惧、震惊等而引起的全身突然而强烈地战栗。

1) refuse表示坚决甚至无礼貌地拒绝接受某物或做某事。此外,可表示拒绝给予。 He refused the money that I gave him.

The bank refused him the loan.

I wonder why he refused to discuss the problem at the meeting.

2) reject强调拒不接受或考虑没有价值或不合标准的意见、计划、请求等;也可表示拒绝相信、摈弃、厌弃。

She rejected his marriage proposal.

The board rejected all our ideas.

He rejected his family’s religious belief.

The idea that the earth is flat was rejected centuries ago.

3) decline指有礼貌地拒绝,或婉言谢绝邀请、建议、帮助等等。

I declined her invitation to the party because I had a prior appointment. The blind man smilingly declined to be helped across the street.

He declined my offer of help.

4) deny否认,拒绝承认或相信某个事实;或拒绝给予,拒绝某人的要求;不允许。 He denies the existence of God.

He denied having robbed the old man of his gold watch.

His parents never deny him anything.

Reserve比较常见,是指为“留作后用”的保留、预订,可指保留座位、权利、意见等等,。 Conserve侧重“为了减少浪费”而进行的保护,而且强调对有价值的东西非常珍惜,并合理的使用 。

Preserve则不光是只「保留」,还强调保留下来「收藏」,使东西完好无损,侧重“为了不至于灭绝、损坏”而进行的保护。

1. worth是一个只能作表语的形容词,意思为“值??的”、“相当于??的价值的”、“有??价值的”、“值得??的”。后接名词、接动名词的主动形式。例如:

2. worthy可作表语,也可作定语。作定语时意思为“有价值的”、“值得尊敬的”、“应受到赏识的”;用作表语时意思为“值得??的”、“应得到??的”,其后接of sth.,也可以后接to do sth.,

3. worthwhile与worthy一样,既可作表语,又可作定语。表示某事因重要、有趣或受益大而值得花时间、金钱或努力去做,一般做“值得的”、“值得做的”、“有意义的”解。用作表语时,可接动名词或动词不定式。

Respectful adj.恭敬的, 尊敬的, 尊重人的, 有礼貌的

Respectable adj.可敬的, 有名望的, 高尚的, 值得尊敬的

Respective adj.分别的, 各自的

valueless 不值钱

priceless 无价之宝

invaluable 无价的,价值无法衡量的

worthless 无价值的,无益的

unworthy 只能做定语,不能做表语adj. 无价值的,没有优点的。不值得的;不应得的

senseless 愚蠢的;不省人事的

sensitive 敏感的,容易被冒犯的

sensible 明理的,明智的,

warp v.使某物弯曲

使某人/某物有偏见,受曲解,反常(比喻)

distort v.使某物变形,扭曲,弄歪某物

使某物失真

歪曲某事物,曲解

deform v. 毁坏某事物的形状或外观,使某物变形或成畸形

twist v. 使某物缠绕或盘绕另一物

把线等搓成绳等

扭曲或挤压某物使之变形

歪曲或曲解词等的意思

discard 摒除,弃绝

discharge 开释,开除,放出,流出

disembark 登岸,离船,卸货

dismount vt. 使下马; 使掉下 (从支架、台子上)取下, 卸下 拆卸(机器等)

dismiss 表示放弃某种观点而认为,不认为,或者拒绝接受

discharge, dismiss, fire、lay off

这些动词都有“解雇,开除”之意。

1、discharge:语气较重,指有理由的解雇,含几乎不再复用的意味。

2、dismiss:正式用词,是这组词中语气最轻的一个词,一般只有从上文才能看解雇的原因或理由。

3、fire:口语用词,多指被断然地突然解雇,其行动犹如开枪一样干净利落。

4、lay off:多指暂时、短期解雇。

例:由于没有新的定货,他们遭暂时的解雇。

They were laid off because of the lack of new orders.

contemptible: deserving contempt 可卑的 a ~ lie

contemptuous: showing contempt 表示轻视的 a ~ look

contemporary a.1. 当代的2. 同时代的;同年龄的[(+with)]

n.1. 同时代的人;同年龄的人2. 同时期的东西3. 当代人,现代人

contemplative adj. 沉思的,爱默想的,冥想的

chew 是反复咀嚼 chew gums

bite 只是咬的意思 have a bite of the apple

crunch v. 发出碎裂声,嘎吱嘎吱地咀嚼,嘎喳嘎喳地碾过

n. 嘎吱声,关键时刻,艰难局面

devour吞食,耗尽,吞没,贪婪的享用

munch v. 大声咀嚼

nibble n. 轻咬,啃v. 一点点地咬,慢慢啃,吹毛求疵

gleam n. 微弱的闪光,瞬息的一现v. 闪烁,隐约地闪现

glisten发光, 闪烁; 反光

glimmer微光, 闪光

flicker闪烁, 摇曳; 扑动; 忽隐忽现

glitter闪光, 灿烂的光辉.发光的小东西

sparkle火花[星].闪耀, 闪光; 光彩

twinkle(星等)闪烁, 闪耀.眨眼; (眼睛)闪闪发光.(双腿)快速移动

scrape vt.&vi.&n.刮,擦

scratch vt.&vi.&n.搔;抓

scrub n. 用力擦洗,矮树,渺小之物v. 用力擦洗

shameful adj. 可耻的

ashamed adj. 感到惭愧,感到害臊,因为羞耻或勉强作某事

shameless adj. 无耻的

thrift :old-fashioned wise and careful use of money, so that none is wasted economical 1 using money, time, goods etc carefully and without wasting any [? economic]: A small car is more economical to run.

good-quality clothes at economical prices

2economical with the truthused humorously to say that someone is not

telling the truth

frugal:careful to buy only what is necessary [≠ extravagant]:

miserly:1 a miserly amount or quantity is one that is much too small [= measly,

paltry]: We were offered a miserly 4% pay rise.

2 a miserly person is not generous and does not like spending money [= mean]

篇三:地道用语

地道用语是新闻、外刊里时不时蹦出来的拦路虎,有时记者可能“现编现用”。字典有时候显得爱莫能助,比如:sharp elbow、signature issue 、for all somebody knows,这些看似简单,但的确不好理解的用法,只能寻根究底找出这些俚语的真正意思。多听多查,体会英语思维,将原文理解到位,翻译到位。

打破思维定势(thinking potency):

先发几个新闻听力中积累的例子,算是抛砖引玉

1、背景:奥巴马致辞参众两院,详细阐述医改方案。

NBC 记者: Senior aides called this the biggest arrow in his presidential quiver。 总统箭筒里最大的一支箭;意在表达实现目标最有力的手段

(An arrow in the quiver is a strategy or option that could be used to achieve your objective)

2、it's much politics of the opposition's smelling blood in the water 这多半是反对者趁人之危的政治手段

Sharks attack will they smell blood in the water. In other words, if a swimmer is

wounded and bleeding the sharks can smell it. So, in the the work world or otherwise if a person is in a weakened condition people will take advantage of the

situation.(Same way with chickens. If one chicken has a spot of blood, the others will peck him to death. Cruel world, isn't it.)

3、Couldn't say fairer than that.

表示别人的话很公正,完全接受。

4、 奥巴马发表school pep talk 之前,很多反对者称奥巴马演讲目的不单纯 eg it smacks of underhanded attempts

smacks of : to seem to contain or involve a particular unpleasant quality:

underhanded :即 underhand :secret 、dishonest

5、背景同4:反对者称 总统借机将其政策强加在孩子们身上

他们的表达方法是 ram political policies down little kids'throats

ram something down somebody's throat (informal)

if someone rams their opinions or ideas down your throat, they force you to listen to them and try to make you accept them

6、说道医改是否 curb the cost,CBO国会预算办公室说,cost increase will not bend the curve.即指不会遏制上涨的趋势

7、 Does the president's logic and math add up in your opinion?

add up: to seem reasonable; to make sense NBC记者问麦凯恩,奥巴马所谓的9000亿医改支出不会增加赤字,你认为靠谱吗?

8、pork-barrel :A government project or appropriation that yields jobs or other benefits to a specific locale and patronage opportunities to its political representative. pork :Government funds, appointments, or benefits dispensed or legislated by politicians to gain favor with their constituents: ?However much [the voters] may distrust Congress and dislike pork, the advantages of being represented by an incumbent with seniority are hard to deny

earmark pork-barrel 即指 为了某一党派或地区利益而拨的款项,本意是指出一种 undisciplined fiscal plan earmark 总是好和"pork"、"waste"连在一块。

9、have/keep somebody on a short/tight leash

to have a lot of control over someone's behaviour and allow them very little freedom to do what they want

eg; Republican members of congress have a short leash with insurance industry.

10、witch-hunt :(usually disapproving) an attempt to find and punish people who hold opinions that are thought to be unacceptable or dangerous to society 迫害

11、How does it land in the black communities when a southern white Congressman heckles the first black president?

奥巴马致辞参众两院时,共和党众议员Joe willson 高声诘难“you lie”NBC 主持人分析时问到这么一个问题。land: to arrive somewhere and cause difficulties that have to be dealt with 一位来自南部的白人众议员诘难首位黑人总统,这件事在黑人社区里会有何反响?

12、The president got a good opportunity to put the government-run health plan to bed.

put to bed 与常见的 take ... off the table 一个意思。synonym:withdraw

13、In terms of our timetable on the healthcare, when we are ready , we will take the bill to the floor.(南希佩洛西)

take it to the floor :在这里指的是 提交国会讨论

floor:the part of a building where discussions or debates are held, especially in a parliament; the people who attend a discussion or debate:

14、: hue and cry :: strong public protest about sth

15、Our overall efforts have got unprecedented coalition of

doctors,nurses,hospitals,seniors groups, and even drug dealers many of whom were opposed to reform in the past.This time they recognized that this is not going to be stopped. We have got them on board. 我们已经让他们接受改革了;或是我们要团结争取他们。

take sth on board to accept and understand an idea or a suggestion: I told her what I thought, but he didn't take my advice on board.

16、The president's agenda will run the government into the ground.

small-government advocates 正抗议奥巴马政府扩大政府权力。 run the

government into the ground :拖垮政府

run sth into the ground :use sth so much that it is broken; to make sb work so hard that they are no longer able to work

17、Twitter is sitting on a healthy nest-egg.这句话可谓形神兼备,是说 twitter 公司财务状况良好,资金充裕.

nest-egg;1、An artificial or natural egg placed in a nest to induce a bird to continue to lay eggs in that place.

2、A sum of money put by as a reserve.

18、Are the president paying lip-service to the idea of bring republicans on board? pays lip-service to sth :they say that they approve of it or support it, without proving their support by what they actually do: All the parties pay lip-service to environmental issues.对环境问题,各方都是光说不练。

19、tooth and nail 从牙齿到脚趾甲 :With every available resource; with uelenting effort

give the nod to malpractice reform (口语)表达同意

20、At this stage of health care debate,how important is public support,or is just now about legislative arm-twisting?医改争论到了这个节骨眼上,民众支持到底有多重要?还是只是向国会施压就可以?

arm-twisting:The use of personal or political pressure in an effort to persuade or to gain support. 施压

21、The fact doesn't bear itself out.

bear out:to show that sb is right or that sth is true.

22、AIG, a company largely responsible for bring the world financial system to its knees now is proped up by US taxpayers.

bring sth to its knees to badly affect an organization, etc. so that it can no longer function:

23、As for SEC, part of the problems was that you have a revolving door with SEC. revolving door:,An organization, institution, or place whose members, personnel, or population remain only a short time before going elsewhere.

所谓的旋转门是指,机构内人员任职期短,流动性大。麦道夫能躲过调查那么多年,SEC的“旋转门”是个不容忽视的因素。,“政府官员知道,三五年后他们任期结束,还是得在自己监管的行业里面谋一份差事。

24、But day after day Wall street was whipsawed by huge stock winds.You'd go home on a Friday with Bear Stearns, you'd come back Monday, they'd be out of business. You'd go home on a Friday with Merrill, you'd come Monday, they'd be gone The bond market . . . continues to be whipsawed by fears of rekindled inflation.

这个whipsaw 到底什么意思呢?外国人用词很形象,这就是个好例子。whipsaw 锯齿,拿来作动词来表示股市变化不定,像锯齿上的波浪,一会朝这一会朝那。 美国传统词典的解释是:To cause to move or alternate rapidly in contrasting

directions 说明一种高速变动的市场状态,即在剧烈价格变动周期之后又紧接著出现一个反向的剧烈价格变动周期。

另外一个意思是To defeat or best in two ways at once两头受打击,双重受损 Russia's been whipsawed by volatile world energy prices, from $147 a barrel last summer to $32 in January.

25、anchor:惯用意思是 抛锚;主持人

Democratic majority leader Hey Reed:Major investment banks,for decades

anchored in Wall street,simply disappeared. 这里的anchor 应是扎根、打根基于... sb/sth (in / to sth) to firmly base sth on sth else: Her novels are anchored in everyday experience.

26、engineer : to arrange for sth to happen or take place, especially when this is done secretly in order to give yourself an advantage 安排

The $50 billion sale of Merrill Lynch to Bank of American was engineered by the Treasury and the Federal reserve.

在你的作文中替换上这些词汇,连老师都会对你刮目相看的~~~~哈哈哈

1.individuals,characters, folks替换people ,persons

2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的),promising (有希望的),perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good

3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad 如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive替换

Eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with

girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.

4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.注:用many, if not most 一定要小心,many后一定要有词。

Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理 用most, if not all ,替换most.5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some

6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think (因为是书面语,所以要加that)

7:affair ,business ,matter 替换thing

8: shared 代 common

9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits )

10:for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion

11:Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用

increasing/growing.修饰形容词,副词用increasingly.

Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.

Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.

12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly

13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful

14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer

15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely 替换very

16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable ... 替换 unnecessary, avoidable

17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in

18.capture one’s attention替换attract one’s attention.

19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect

20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear

21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause


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